The Catholic Church Essay Example for Free

The Catholic Church EssayThe Iroquois confederation, an association of six linguistic exclusivelyy related tribes in the northeastern woodlands, was a sophisticated gild of some 5,500 good deal when the world-class white explorers encountered it at the beginning of the seventeenth speed of light. The 1990 Census counted 49,038 Iroquois living in the linked States, make them the countrys eighth most populous inseparable American group. Although Iroquoian tribes hold seven reservations in New York state and sensation in Wisconsin, the majority of the people live off the reservations.An additional 5,000 Iroquois reside in Canada, where there are two Iroquoian reservations. The people are not averse to adopting new technology when it is beneficial, scarcely they want to maintain their own traditional identity. INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP CONTRIBUTIONS Although disputed by some, there is significant evidence that the Iroquois alliance served as a flummox or inspiration for the U. S. writing. Benjamin F flagrantlin and Thomas Paine were well acquainted with the League.John Rut directge, chairman of the committee that wrote the first draft of the disposition, began the process by quoting some passages from the Haudenosaunee ample Law. The Iroquois contour of government was based on democracy and personal freedom, and included elements equivalent to the modern political tools of initiative, referendum, and recall. In 1987 Senator Daniel Inouye sponsored a resolution that would commemorate the Iroquois contri butions to the fundamental law of the federal government. Many Iroquois people receive made notable contributions to society and culture that transcend political boundaries.A dramatic typeface is Oren Lyons (1930 ), an Onondaga chief who has led political delegations to numerous countries in support of the rights of indigenous people. Twice named an All-American lacrosse goal-keeper, he led his 1957 team at Syracuse University to an undefeated sea son and was eventually enrolled in the sports Hall of Fame. He was a successful amateur boxer in both the U. S. Army and in the Golden Gloves competition. He pretended as a commercialized artist for several years before returning to the reservation to assume his position as faithkeeper.An author and illustrator, he has served as Chairman of American Studies at the State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo and as publisher of Daybreak, a national quarterly newspaper of Native American views. In 1992 he became the first indigenous courseer to have communicate the United Nations General Assembly. Arden, Harvey. The Fire That Never Dies, National Geographic, September 1987. Axtell, James. The European and the Indian Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial northwest America. New York Oxford University Press, 1981.A Basic Call to Consciousness. Rooseveltown, NY Akwesasne Notes, 1978. Bruchac, Joseph. New Voices from the Longhouse An Anthology of Contemporary Iroquois Writing. Gre enfield Center, NY Greenfield Review Press, 1989. Fenton, Willam N. The Great Law and the Long-house A Political report of the Iroquois fusion. Norman University of Oklahoma Press, 1998. Graymont, Barbara. The Iroquois. Norman University of Oklahoma Press, 1991. Indian Roots of American Democracy, Northeast Indian Quarterly, edited by Jose Barreiro. Winter/Spring, 1987/1988.An Iroquois Source Book, Volumes 1 and 2, edited by Elisabeth Tooker. New York assortment Publishing, Inc. , 1985. Iroquois Women An Anthology, edited by W. G. Spittal. Ohsweken, Ontario Iroqrafts Ltd, 1990. Johnson, Elias. Legends, Traditions and Laws of the Iroquois, or Six Nations, and History of the Tuscarora Indians. New York AMS Press, 1978 (reprint of 1881 edition). Josephy, Alvin M. , Jr. Now That the Buffalos G hotshot A Study of To twenty-four hour periods American Indians. New York Alfred A. Knopf, 1982. Snow, Dean R. The Iroquois. Cambridge, MA Blackwell, 1996.Tooker, Elisabeth. Lewis H. Morgan on Iroquois Material Culture. Tucson University of Arizona Press, 1994. http//www. ipoaa. com/iroquois_constitution_united_states. htm The Effect of the Iroquois Constitution on the United States Constitution originally titled The United States Constitution Is it a Native American Myth? by Janet L. Daly Fitchburg State College (1997) The United States Constitution was influenced by the concepts and the principles contained in the Iroquois Indian Confederacy form of governance which was founded in Native American mythology.several(prenominal) polar areas must be discussed in order to substantiate this premise that the Native Americans that arrived on the North American continent around 12,000 years ago did indeed influence the very root word of the United States governmental system which is written in the form of the United States Constitution. One of the first concepts which must be explored is the tradition of the Iroquois League, since the basis of the thesis is that the League tr adition preceded and influenced the thinking of the Founding Fathers.The next topics must include a discussion of opinions and supporting details that the Iroquoian Confederacy method of governance did influence the development of the U. S. Constitution and specifically how key contributors to the writing of the Constitution, including Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, were brought into the Native American sphere of thinking. Finally, a equivalence of the League Tradition and several areas of the U. S. Constitution will show clearly that the Native American Myth lives on even though the Native American universe of discourse has been drastically diminished by the very Country which it helped to found.The Iroquois League tradition was first written bring down in an Iroquois language format in 1912 by anthropologist Alexander A. Goldenweiser. 1 This handwritten transcript as dictated by Chief John Arthur Gibson has been recently (1992) newly elicited, edited and translated by Hanni Woodbury in collaboration with Reg Henry and Harry Webster with the incident fluently reading legend of the foundation of the League of the Iroquois. Chief John Gibson, born in 1849 was unquestionably the superlative mind of his generation among the Six Nations who became the greatest living source on Iroquois culture at the turn of the century.2 Chief Gibson was appointed a element of a committee of chiefs that undertook the task of codifying the League Tradition because of the high regard by his own people for his knowledge of the League traditions and the various rituals connected with them. 3 What follows is a condensed version of the League Tradition as put forth in the work translated by Hanni Woodbury which will provide a general overview of the mythology which lead to the Tradition and the components of the Tradition which allowed a working unification system for the Iroquois Confederacy.This Confederacy contained the original Five Nations of the Confederacy which i ncluded the Seneca, mohawk haircut, Onondaga, Oneida and Cayuga and in 1715 increased to Six Nations with the inclusion body of the Tuscaroras. Feuding and warfare were endemic in the land of the Mohawks which was located on the northern shore of Lake Ontario. A m some other Kahetoktha (End of the Field) takes her daughter Kahetehsuk (She Walks Ahead) to live in a external area of bush in order to protect her child. later living there a considerable amount of time the daughter becomes pregnant and the induce accuses her daughter of wrongdoing. The Mother thusly has a dream from the messenger of the Great Spirit which reveals her daughter and not been with a man and will have a divine birth and the boy child to be born will be called Tekanawita and his life will be devoted to promoting peace among men. After the dream message is received the Mother and daughter reconcile and the son is born as prophesied.The boy grows quickly and when he is a young man Tekanawita returns to his m others and grandmothers origin small town to announce to their people the Good Message (kaihwiyoh), the Power (katshatstehsae) and the Peace (shenu) which are the three concepts that together spell out the call to unify the discriminate nations of the Iriquois. 4 Tekanawita visits the then separate nations and convinces them through demonstrating some miraculous feats. One such trial proposed by the Mohawk Nation was forTekanawita to sit atop a tree next to the river.The tree would then be cut down and Tekanawita would be thrown into the cold raging waters. If he emerged the next day live this would be proof that he was the true messenger of the Great Spirit and the Good Message, the Power and the Peace would be accepted. When he successfully emerges the next day from the waters the Mohawk tribe is convinced. The five nations are receptive to the message and Tekanawita proceeds to frame the central concepts of the Great Law and organizes the Confederacy Council on the basis of p rinciples which underlie Iroquois social structure.He divides the five nations into moieties related to one another as fathers (Mohawk, Onondaga and Seneca) and sons (Oneida and Cayuga). 5 The decision making process which was to be followed involved the Mohawk Nation considering the issue and after a consensus is reached within the Nation, V the question was to be passed to their moiety brother, the Seneca who reach a consensus. There is to be an attempt to unite their decision with that of the Mohawk.If two groups agree they are to appoint a speaker for the moiety who movesacross the fireto bring the opinion and the question to the Oneida. The Oneida are to pass the question on to the Cayuga and if the two groups reach consensus the issue is to be passed back across the fire to the Mohawk who render the outcome to the firekeepers, the Onondagas. The Onondagas then consider the issue and if they agree with the consensus reached by the other four nations, they ratify the opinion. 6However, if there are divergent opinions from the Mohawk and Seneca, both opinions are to be handed across the fire to the Oneida and Cayuga to be considered compeerly. If the Oneida and Cayuga are split in opinion then both opinions must be handed on to the firekeepers. The Firekeepers can break the tie by choosing one opinion over the other. If the Oneida and Cayuga agree wit just one of the opinions handed to them by the Mohawk and Seneca, they return this opinion to the latter, and the speaker for the Mohawk and Seneca will mystify the opinions to the firekeepers, with an explanation of the outcome.The Onondaga consider the issue together with the results arrived at among the other nations, and the final decision will be announced. 7 After establishing the vital decision making process to be followed Tekanawita establishes the symbolism of the central hearth, that is the Confederacy fire, whose smoke will rise, the beautiful smoke, piercing the sky. 8 At the central fire he implanted a tree a great white suffer that put forth white roots East, West, North and South.Each nation would contribute one arrow to form a single strong bundle bound together with the sinew of a deer and as joined were to represent the Confederacy solidarity. Tekanawita addressed the Nations with the message that all Nations exercise equal authority in the Confederacy and that as individuals the Chiefs the tall trunks of the Confederacy are all equal in status. He then warned that if the arrows of the Nations are withdrawn from the bundle that represent the power of their solidarity, the bundle of arrows will weaken. 9After describing the basic workings of the Confederacy, Tekanawita called a lengthy recess, and members of the council returned to their settlements to inform the people of the Confederacy of the formation and to determine the existing organization of lineages and clubs in their respective nations, and to select in terms of their lineage affiliations more tha n candidates for the positions on the council. Fifty titles are eventually assigned by clan and were assigned as follows- Mohawk 9, Seneca 8, Oneida 9, Cayuga -10, and Onondaga 14.The women of the clan or clan mothers were designated to be the holders of the clan titles and had control in large measure in the choice of successors. 10 The chiefs appointed were expected to maintain trustworthy standards or there was to be a recall process that would be followed. At times of stress in the Confederacy, the hereditary Chiefs were to be allowed to appoint a Pine Tree Chief who would have special skills or qualities that could be of help to the hereditary chiefs in their difficult tasks.Pine Tree Chiefs were to be appointed for life and their titles were not to be passed on after their death. 11 The final major process that Tekanawita was to call for was the nifty replacement of the Chiefs upon their dismissal or more likely their death. This process was to allow an orderly transitio n of power within the Confederacy. This process consisted of the Clan Matron selecting a candidate and the women of the clan approving the selection followed by the chiefs who represent the tribal moiety, then the Chiefs of the Nation, then the Chiefs from her side of the Confederacy fire.At the Condolence Council the candidate was to be stood up for approval by the chiefs of the opposite moiety. The candidate is to be raised up by being crowned with the antlers of office representing his status as a Chief. 12 This was then the basic outline of the principles and philosophy of the Confederacy of the Iroquois. They agreed to stop conflict amongst themselves and to accept the Good Message that called upon them to find a peaceful way to resolve issues among the tribes.They were directed by the messenger of the Great Spirit to uphold certain standards of leadership and to fill vacancies in a peaceful stylus. They were to stand together so that they may be stronger than one individual tribe. There is a plethora of opinion which concurs with the thesis that the Iroquois Confederacy had a strong influence on the final document which was to be the law of the land for the United States from its inception to present day.Some of these sources not unless attribute the Iroquois Confederacy with significantly affecting the form of the Government of the United States but also with instilling the American independency mentality which would give rise to the impetus to make the sign break from the British. As the Indians were standing along the shore watching the Puritans arrive, the Indians carried with them a tradition of opposition and democracy, of free speech, of free thinking, of tolerance for each others differences of religion, of all those things which got attached to the Bill of Rights.13 White leaders watched the method of government that the Iroquois utilized and they learned core and democracy from it. Historians are now beginning to admit what they must have been aware of, that the government of the United States is not patterned after something across the oceanic where there was a belief in the divine right of kings and where the people had no voice, but it is patterned after the government of the People of the Long House, where all people, including both men and women were respected and took a part in their government.14 The interaction between the colonial Americans and the Iroquois Confederacy began immediately upon the arrival of the Europeans. The importance of conciliating the almighty Confederacy was fully appreciated by the colonial authorities and great pains were taken to secure and retain the favor of the confederacy. Each successive regulator announced his arrival to the Sachems of the League, and invited them to meet him in council, at an early day, to renew the covenant chain or agreement to work together peacefully. 15 ascendent in the early 1740s, Iroquois leaders strongly urged the colonists to form a federation sim ilar to their own with the immediate benefit to their interests of having a unified management of Indian trade with resultant minimization of fraud, and a unity of the two peoples in the face of the cold war which was occurring between the English and the French. 16 This urging became a more forceful admonition when the Iroquois Chief Canssatego spoke to papa officials gathered at Lancaster in 1744 with the chase words Our wise forefathers completed Union and good will between the Five Nations.This has made us formidable this has given us great Weight and Authority with our neighboring Nations. We are a powerful Confederacy and by your observing the same methods, our wise forefathers have taken, you will acquire such Strength and power. Therefore whatever befalls you, never fall our with one another. 17 A crucial step forward towards colonial American unification necessary for the eventual independence movement took place in Albany, New York in 1754. The Albany Plan was a landma rk on the rough road that was to lead through the first Continental Congress and the Articles of Confederation and then to the Constitution of 1787.18 On the eve of the Albany Congress, Franklin had a great deal of exposure to the imagery and political ideas of the Iroquois from first hand experience and from his study of Cadwallader Coldens History of the Five Nations. 19 Franklin met with both Colonial and Iroquois delegates to create a plan of unity that was in part derived from some of the tenets of the Great Law of the Iroquois. 20 During the discussions at Albany Franklin addressed the assemblage in words that freely acknowledged the Iroquois Confederacy as a model to build upon It would be a contradictory thingif Six Nations of ignorant savages should be capable of forming such a union and be able to execute it in such a manner that it has subsisted ages and appears indissoluble, and yet that a like union should be impractical for ten or a dozen English colonies, to whom it is more necessary and must be more advantageous, and who cannot be supposed to want an equal understanding of their interest. 21 When Franklin proposed his plan of union before the Congress it had a Grand Council, a Speaker, and called for a general government under whicheach colony may retain its present constitution all nomenclature and concept derived from the Confederacy. 22 Franklins writings channelize that as he became more deeply involved with the Iroquois and other Indian peoples, he picked up ideas from them concerning not only federalism, but concepts of natural rights, the nature of society and mans place in it, the role of property in society, and other intellectual constructs that would eventually be called into service by Franklin as he and the other American revolutionaries shaped an 23 official ideology for the soon to be founded United States of America.23 As the relationship between the colonies and Great Britain became more and more forced rebellion became a mo re realistic and viable alternative. In the eyes of the rebellious American Colonists, the Iroquois symbolized autonomy and a new American identity. 24 The step in years between the Albany Plan of Union, the Articles of Confederation and the final Declaration of Independence included events such as the protest of the Stamp Act, the Boston afternoon tea Party, formation of the Sons of Liberty.Each of these events drew upon the symbolism and philosophy of the Iroquois. The Sons of Liberty during the Stamp Act Crisis sent wampum belts to the Iroquois asking them to intercept the British moving down the Hudson. 25 The Boston Tea Party was carried out by Colonists dressed as Indians and the formation of the Sons of Liberty involved putting up a pine post called the Tree of Liberty, a direct transference of symbolism from the Iroquois symbol of Liberty. 26On June 11, 1776, while the question of independence was being debated, twenty-one tour Iroquois chiefs were actually lodged on the second floor of the Pennsylvania State House and were formally invited into the meeting hall of the Continental Congress. 27 During speeches delivered to the delegation of Native Americans they were addressed as Brothers and told of the delegates wish that the friendship between them would continue as long as the sun shall. shine and the water run. 28 The speech ex compacted intrust that new Americans and Iroquois would act as one people, and have but one heart.29 In a speech on July 26, 1776, James Wilson, delegate from Pennsylvania and future author of the first draft of the U. S. Constitution, argued forcefully for a confederation similar to the Iroquois League and asserted that Indians know the striking benefits of confederation and we have an example of it in the Union of the Six Nations. 30 In essence, Wilson, a friend of Franklin, believed that a strong confederacy like the Iroquois Confederacy was crucial to the development of a new nation and to maintaining a friendly rel ationship with the Indian populations.31 Thomas Jefferson has also documented his appraisal of the attributes of the Native American concepts of morality and governance. In his writings Jefferson states Their only controls are their manners, and that moral sense of right and wrong, which, like the sense of tasting and feeling in every man, makes a part of his nature. An villainy against these is punished by contempt, by exclusion from society, or, where the case is serious, as that of murder, by the individuals whom it concerns.Imperfect as this species of coercion may seem, crimes are very rare among them insomuch that were it made a question, whether no law, as among the savage American, or too much law, as among the civilized Europeans, submits man to the greatest evil, one who has seen both conditions of globe would pronounce it to be the last and that the sheep are happier of themselves, than under care of the wolves. It will be said, the great societies cannot exist without government. The savages, therefore, break them into small ones. 32 Several areas of the Iroquois Constitution of the Five Nations which clearly have a parallel in the U.S. Constitution would be paragraph 84 dealing with the right of self-determination, paragraph 96, stipulating government by the people, by the consent of the governed, Paragraph 98 stating definite provision for such consent of the governed and controls by those governed and as a last example Paragraph 99 guaranteeing freedom of religion. 33 Paragraph 33 stipulates the process by which a Chief shall be replaced upon dismissal or death. This systematic transmission of official rank was, in fact, the vital principle of the Iroquois Government. 34The decision-making process of the League resembles that of a two-house congress in one body, with the older brothers and younger brother each comprising a side of the house. 35 The Onondagas filled something of an executive role, with a veto that could be overridden by the old er and younger brothers in concert. 36 By implication in five places within the U. S. Constitution the impact of the Iroquois Confederacys continual urgings that the colonists should coordinate Indian negotiations and policies through a central authority were codified.37 This codification is included in Article 11, Section 10, which prohibits the States from entering into treaties Article 11, Section 2, which also prohibits States from entering into treaties Article 11, Section 2, Clause 2, which defines the agreement process- Article VI, Section 2, which defines a treaty as the supreme law of the land and finally, Article 111, Section 2, which grants the federal courts over U. S. citizenry who violate treaties. 38 These provisos were to find an impact on the Native American populations to present day and beyond.Even in light of the preceding discussion of the documented influence by the Iroquois Confederacy on the Founding Fathers and the resultant inclusion of many of the basic c oncepts and premises of the Iroquois Law within the U. S. Constitution, there is still an apparent oversight of the this impact in a scholarly work as recently as 1994. David N. Mayor in his discussion of the influences on the thinking of Thomas Jefferson in relation to his intellectual contribution to the U. S.Constitution names only Locke, Scottish moral sense of philosophy, deistic natural religion and the economic theories developed by British and French antimercantilists. 39 Not one mention or word of credit is given to the Native Americans who have so clearly been a major contributor in the formation of the American persona. Donald A. Grinde comments that ignoring the processes whereby Euroamericans created a new culture out of the American experience impoverishes everyone and gives an appearance that scholars are seeking to stop the process of de-Europeanizing America.40 He specifically discusses Temple University anthropologist Dr. Elisabeth Tooker who contends that America n Indian government figures not at all in the standard histories of the Constitution, nor in the documents on which they rest. 41 As a refutation of this premise Grinde goes on to quote many of the specifics of the writings generated by the founders some of which have been stated herein along with scholarly input with justification for their own viewpoint. It is truly a revelation as a student of history to study the impact that Native America had in the development of the United States of America.The fact that the Native Americans preceded the settlement of the Europeans and were a part of the innate character of the New World must logically affect the development of the new settlers. It is the ultimate irony that by the initial assistance given to the entering immigrants by the Native American population that they were in fact aiding in the ultimate decimation of their people, and the diminishment of their land and their mythological based form of government. Lesson 2 The Invasion of America Reading Assignment Calloway, 67-136. IntroductionThe Columbian encounter is arguably the most pivotal event in the history of the world. neither Europe nor the Americas would be the same after this watershed event. This lesson highlights the merging of two previously distinct ecosystems and the devastating effect it would have on native peoples. thusly it traces emergence of three European powers as they became dominant colonizers in North America. The lesson emphasizes that regardless of the variety of experiences Indians had in their relations with Europeans, they all shared irreversible changes in their cultures.This lesson will also introduce you to some of the primary sources related to the Spanish, French, and English invasions of North America and their consequences. Essay topics for Lesson 2 Write on one of the following topics or combine any of the topics into one. 1. What are the arguments for viewing Columbus as a hero? Villain? Where do you come down on this battleful issue? 2. What were the main differences in the motives of the Spanish, French, and English when they colonized the Americas?Was the European conquest of the Americas inevitable? Why or why not? 3. What role did Indian relationships bump in the outcome of the various European invasions? Explain the Columbian Exchange and how it affected both Europe and the Americas. 4. How does Apess deal with the fact that the Pequot supported the English in King Phillips War? Does Apesss writing tell us more about Pequots in the nineteenth century or seventeenth century Massachusetts? Early European Exploration and Colonization. Leah S. Glaser VUS.2 Describe how early European exploration and colonization resulted in cultural interactions among Europeans, Africans, and American Indians. For many years, students of American history have learned about the era of European exploration and colonization in terms of conquest and defeat. Europes entry into the Americas had economic and polit ical motivations, but over the last several years historians have begun to emphasize that exploration and colonization also allowed cultural contacts and exchanges among three different continents Europe, Africa, and America.Each society viewed the other through their respective perceptions and culture. Historians like Colin Calloway and Gary Nash explain that these relationships created new worlds for all. The nature of cultural contact and change in America varied from region to region, and can be traced to Europes different colonizing strategies and the response of the existing local population. America, Africa, and Europe Three Worlds on the Eve of 1492 Contrary to longstanding European assumptions, native societies in the Americas possessed their own rich and varied cultures.An estimated 3 to 5 million people, speaking hundreds of languages, inhabited the region with about 60 million people living in the Hesperian Hemisphere, the population rivaled that of Europe and Africa. While they did not yet possess the same farming techniques or methods of transportation as those of Europe and Africa, these societies were diverse and sophisticated, and adapted continually to changing environments. Irrigation communities in the Southwest, mound cities in the Mississippi and Ohio Valleys, and the villages of the eastern woodlands characterized the nature of these societies at the time of European contact.Climatic changes, over hundreds of years, had altered farming patterns and prompted different groups to compete for dominance through warfare, as well as to participate in a vast trade network that spread across the continent. The African societies (like those of the American Indians and the Europeans) were highly dependent on the environmental conditions and varied widely across the continent. Africa very much resembled America in its diversity of cultures across deserts, grasslands, and forests, its established networks of trade, and resource competition.The earl y use of iron implements raised productivity and subsequently increased the continents population, which reached about 50 million by the fifteenth century. Much of that population was organized politically under large empires, like the Kingdom of Ghana. Ghana achieved architectural and artistic wealth principally through important trading contacts with the shopping centre and Far East. Other kingdoms also developed skilled craftsmanship, codes of law, and trading networks. Alongside these trade relationships, Muslim influences, which had spread throughout Africa since the eleventh century, also shaped African community life.African societies differed most markedly from those in Europe in terms of familial organization (matrilineal rather than patrilineal). For example, property rights and inheritance descended through the mother. Europeans did not engage with Africa until the early fifteenth century, though they had been fascinated with the East for hundreds of years prior to conta ct. They were particularly eager to control the Mediterranean trade routes that tapped into the vast markets and goods. passim the Middle Ages, the East also served as a battleground for two of the worlds fastest growing religions, Islam and Christianity, as evidenced in the Crusades. The Catholic Church and the hallowed Roman Empire ruled supreme over Europe in opposition to the growing Ottoman (Islamic) Empire. By the fifteenth century, the invention of the printing press and improvements in navigation techniques (like the compass and the hourglass) helped spawn the Renaissance, an era known for challenging the power of the Church and celebrating human possibility though exploration, ideas, art, and literature.Spain joined in this original celebration, but also gained political power by successfully defeating Islamic forces in Granada and by consolidating two powerful Catholic monarchies through the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille. In 1492, the two Catho lic leaders launched the Inquisition to make Spain, once part of the Ottoman Empire, into a fully Catholic country. Their efforts spawned the Reconquista, an era fueled by fierceness and religious intolerance as Spain sought to expel all Jews and Muslims from its borders.Amidst this political climate and activity, Ferdinand and Isabella granted a Genoan explorer, Christopher Columbus, funding to expand Spains empire. 1492 Americas Indians Encounter the Spanish After he landed on the islands we know today as the Bahamas, Columbus explored the island of Hispaniola where he met the lands native inhabitants. He and his crews returned to the Caribbean three more times. Columbuss so called discovery offered Spain awing opportunities for wealth, particularly from the mining of gold and silver. It also provided new soil for European plants like sugar, cof

Role of Federal Agencies Essay Example for Free

Role of Federal Agencies EssayThe threat has reached the point that given enough time, motivation, and funding, a determined adversary impart likely be subject to penetrate any system that is accessible directly from the Internet. It is difficult to state with confidence that our critical infrastructurethe backbone of our countrys economic prosperity, national security, and public healthwill remain unscathed and al shipway be available when needed. The recent security breach by unauthorized intruders into the parent companionship of NASDAQ is an example of the kind of breaches directed against important financial infrastructure and illustrates the difficulty of determining clear attribution. As we would in response to any such breach, the FBI is on the job(p) to identify the kitchen range of the intrusion and assist the victim in the remediation process.The FBI has identified the most significant cyber threats to our nation as those with tall intent and lavishly capabili ty to inflict damage or death in the U.S., to illicitly acquire assets, or to illegally obtain sensitive or classified U.S. military, intelligence, or economic information. As both an intelligence and law enforcement agency, the FBI can address every facet of a cyber-casefrom collecting intelligence on the subjects in rig to learn more about their net profits to dismantling those networks and prosecuting the individual perpetrators. The ability to take action on the information we collect is critical because what may begin as a criminal investigation may become a national security threat. In addition, the FBIs presence in legal attachs in 61 cities around the world assists in the critical exchange of case-related information and the situational awareness of current threats, helping to combat the global scale and scope of cyber breaches.The FBI is also changing to adapt to the ever-evolving technology and schemes used by cyber criminals. Intelligence now drives operations in the FB I. The Bureau is working in new ways with long-standing and new partners to address the cyber security threat. U.S. critical infrastructure faces a growing cyber threat due to advancements in the availability and sophistication of malicious software tools and the fact that new technologies raise new security issues that cannot always be addressed prior to adoption. The increasing automation of our critical infrastructures provides more cyber access points for adversaries to exploit. New impertinent grid and smart home products, designed to provide remote communication and control of devices in our homes, businesses, and critical infrastructures, must be developed and implemented in ways that will also provide protection from unauthorized use.Otherwise, each new device could become a doorway into our systems for adversaries to use for their own purposes. industrial control systems, which operate the physical processes of the nations pipelines, railroads, and other critical infrastr uctures, are at elevated risk of cyber exploitation. The FBI is concerned about the proliferation of malicious techniques that could degrade, disrupt, or destroy critical infrastructure. Although likely only advanced threat actors are currently capable of employing these techniques, as we have seen with other malicious software tools, these capabilities will eventually be within reach of all threat actors.Intellectual proportion rights violations, including theft of trade secrets, digital piracy, and trafficking talk through ones hat goods, also represent high cybercriminal threats, heading in losses of billions of dollars in profits annually. These threats also pose significant risk to U.S. public health and safety via counterfeit pharmaceuticals, electrical components, aircraft parts, and automobile parts. Cybercrime that manipulates the fork over chain could pose a threat to national security interests and U.S. consumers. Poorly manufactured computer chips or chips that have been salvaged and repackaged infringe on intellectual property rights and could fail at critical times, posing a serious health and safety threat to U.S. citizens.Malware could be embedded on the chips to infiltrate information from computers and result in the theft of personally identifiable information (PII) that could then be used in future cybercrimes. As the quality of counterfeit goods increases, U.S. consumers may be challenged to tell the difference between authentic and fraudulent goods. Operation Cisco Raider is a joint initiative between the U.S. and Canada that targets the illegal distribution of counterfeit network hardware manufactured by private entities in China. The use of counterfeit network components can lead to exploitation of cyber infrastructure vulnerabilities and even network failure. Since 2006, Operation Cisco Raider has seized over 3,500 network components amounting to $3.5 million of Cisco retail products. Ten individuals have been convicted as a result of the joint initiative. ( play false, 2012)ReferencesSnow G M 20120412 TestimonySnow, G. M. (2012, April 12). Testimony. Retrieved dreadful 21, 2012, from http//www.fbi.gov Sternstein A 2012 Plan to Fighting Organized Crime Recognizes Growing Cyber ThreatsSternstein, A. (2012). Plan to Fighting Organized Crime Recognizes Growing Cyber Threats. Retrieved August 22, 2012, from http//www.nextgov.com

Fredrick Douglas And Abraham Lincoln

Fredrick Douglas And Abraham capital of NebraskaIn my research paper the two parties Douglas and capital of Nebraska has undergone a lot in scathe of policy-making differences first Douglas inform that his clobber was to fight against slavery both(prenominal) in united states and England darn capital of Nebraska on the other side could non want to do a counsel with slavery since he believes that it allow tear away the union in the organization.douglas agenda was to establish governmental carcass which lead abolish slavery in the union and slavery that should be within the constitution and he believe that involving the local communities in political activities forget be infective and it might move domestic violence forefront while on the other side capital of Nebraska admitted that the only when way to live is to affirm men in slavery since slavery was their in the states. While doulas believe he will change so much re earthly concern party into emancipationist party L incoln viewed that struggle was the worst scenario he will imagine while Douglas princely wanted what Lincoln did not want. Douglas was owned as the swart draw and symbol of his age and he his ago thinker which most of the the Statesns did not like. Douglas was respected as the begin founder in August 10, 1863 birth between Douglas and Lincoln starts to pin down after Douglas won the game. Now at this point Lincoln starts to change and views towards morose has completely and a dimmed was invited to the white house and was respected so much. At this point Douglas respected Lincoln which was now a complete turn around from the public which was announced through newspaper.Relationship between Fredrick Douglas and Abraham Lincoln.The impact between Fredrick and Douglas was based on slavery in USA which has instanced both a self-taught fugitive slave.douglas has announced his work as a slavery in America but he proudly announced that both united states and England publishing ant islavery newspaper that nothing will ever stop him from fighting against slavery. During elections of Abraham Lincoln for presidency sparked a chain of several events which in one way or another will cause civil war. Lincoln was pushed towards a definitive immediate of constitution Douglas for almost four years. Relationship between Douglas and Lincoln was actually announced by residuum by use of newspaper or public meetings and letters and later they only met during proclamation.Relationship between Douglas and Fredrick went down due to difference in policies and they had tenuous birth. and their relationship starts to grow and they became profound when the realities of war ended in America slavery which bound the two towards respect for the other. Douglas his agenda was to establish political system which will abolish slavery. Douglas focused much to end slavery which he survey and said it is only to use political leaders in the government and abolishing the slavery should be within the constitution. It was proved that if the local community and regional activities politics will be infective which was moving very first in terms of politics. Douglas later realizes that if he gives a chance to the third party he will have a even no chance during the commove because at that place politics be based on antislavery. The formation of party in 1854 was proved now that it was the erect to abolitionists. In the republic party at that place were some elements like liberty party, free soil party and other antislavery forces which were from democratic and Whig parties. With the combination of several parties the political appeal to Douglas that may be it was the forthgo party to enter white house. Although it was the first to decide may be republic will give him a chance to enter. Douglas was in high charge that no president know how to end slavery which he thought that it was only by preserving peace and union in the nation.Mr. Lincoln admitted that the onl y way to live is to hold men in slavery since it is existing in the states this was the beginning of harsh criticism and Douglas militants attitudes of Lincoln with the administration. Douglas believes so much that he will turn the republic party into abolitionist party and Lincoln will be abolitionist president. Lincoln was elected to the office but Douglas remains while watching Lincoln in emancipate. Lincoln believe so much in slavery that will bring difference in parties which led to abject from fatally ambiguous attitude towards negro.Lincoln believe so much that if slavery will end it will bring down sectional conflicts and prevent state of war so according to Lincoln views is that theirs no question of slavery and it will left the public mind rested with the course of ultimate extinction. He insisted that there is no point of world where negro is not entitled to any enumerated in declaration of independence. Abraham took the office in 1861 and he knew the office need a lot of repair. Day by sidereal day there was a lot of debating concerning the slavers issues in the whole nation and at this moment Lincoln and Douglas had two divergent agendas. Lincoln needed president mission war to save union while Douglas need to free slaves and either way to safe the citizens. Lincoln viewed that war was the worst scenario while Douglas precisely wanted what Lincoln did not want regardless to what either two wanted the war did not come both Douglas and Fredric now both openly fought for their causes.Later that year, when the secretary of war simony Cameroon arming slaves within the borders. Lincoln made him to stop the section. Again Lincoln seek to avoid making decisions concerning slavery in may 1862, general David hunter issued order to emancipate all slaves in south-central military region. Which included south Carolina, Georgia and florida.In 1862 Lincoln announced proclamation revoking general hunter order and he declare that the government of stats does not have knowledge, information, belief, and the proceed which make Lincoln to feel so distressed and from political signed a bill abolishing slavery in district of Colombia, and in may he compiled with general Benjamins policy of contrabands of war which freed by august thousands of slaves run away to butler positon.Lincoln was a good leader who valued legality and he was a politician who go only when fourth dimension is right for him to do so..In 1862 it was signifi merchant shipt policies of Lincoln administration Lincoln started to recognize issues of emancipation and preservation of union. Went hand in hand. Now agendas combine that s military and political agendas.lincoln starts acting towards abolition. Douglas grew more militant with Lincoln administration and kept to push them in direction of emancipation. But Lincoln nevertheless stick to preserving union which was the major problem Douglas pressed on to criticism of Lincoln administration s inability to take powerful measure against slavery..Douglas bind announce till Lincoln announced of emancipation proclamation .In September 1862, the article tell us more of what expected from Lincoln was so zealous of public Douglas was still waiting for Lincoln to end war of putting the slaves in danger. In September 1862 publication of Douglas monthly article the presidents speeches directly blow in Lincoln character increasing passing making himself appear silly and ridiculous, unacceptable and his illogical statement and unfair it further claim even to muster courage and honestly enough to obey and execute his testimoniesIn the course of war Douglas consider some old conservative policies which he travail to starts to bring up the union back together .In 1863 Douglas try to appeal umpteen sides of chaos in the nation but unsuccefully Lincoln leave Douglas baffle and now Lincoln would celebrate thinking that he has play cards on Douglas. Thinks were not working well to bring nation together so he had make his own bold way and move.During the summer of 1862, Lincoln had talk with the cabinet privately about constitution was thinking it was the best thought to postpone the announcement of the Proclamation until the country was supported by military success.In august 10 1863 relationship between Douglas and Lincoln starts to pin down. Douglas went to capital letter to meet Lincoln for the first time. Lincoln behavior towards Douglas revealed much about how he felt about him and views towards black has changed completely. Black man was ever in person invited into white house with respect. As for the growth of Lincoln towards slavery issues on the occasion Douglas felt Lincoln showed a deeper moral convictions towards slavery that had ever seen onwards Douglas appreciated Lincoln for treating has equal has others at this moment Douglas respected Lincoln which was complete turn around from his blatant outrage expressed publicity through his newspapers. Douglas and Lincoln will m eet on different ocasssions to discuss on issues of ex-slave and future in United States because to grow more profound. After emancipation of proclamation, Lincoln still considers colonization as variable option to deal with black presence. But Douglas, black enlistment in military was the strongest opinion and confederacy and to be a part of ennobling and soul enlarger war for black liberation.Douglas and Lincoln after announcement of emancipation proclamation which make Douglas to grow respect discernment of Lincoln deep respect for Lincoln is true bets expressed in the years after his assassination the 21st anniversy of Lincolns death Douglas true feeling comes out our faith in him is often taxed and strained uttermost he later declare that honoring his memory is important because under his rule there was colleague states which is based upon the ideas that the race must be slaves. Douglas makeing Lincoln slowness to deal with slavery issue was necessary caution he put abolitio nion of slavery before him a powerful class of America people and ended resistance.douglas and Lincoln had not yet met until summer of 1863 but their relationship was so good and order to understand how Douglas felt about the political climate and Lincoln emancipation was clear that war which brought the two parties together into political ideologies and now which at long last paved the way for the two to be appreciated and appreciated each other in deep sense and good heart. The fusion of the two political ideologies is not only to indicate that men change greatly in terms of political but also to show the moral and courages people and political ideologies merged because the two now have grown to respect each other deeply Lincoln and Douglas were now in a position to overcome all difficulties they have been undergoing and misconception about the two partners when Lincoln dies he left Douglas his most favorites walking staff as sigh of profound appreciated and gratitude Douglas co mmented on Lincoln by changing a portrait of him in his home Washington dc the relationship between the two has a milestone in American history that would positively influence future of race solutions. In the manner of Garry wills Lincoln at Gettysburg (1992) James a. colaico study of Fredrick Douglas famous 1852 independence day speech is far more than examination of single -hour speech.Calaico seeks for probe and political social thinking of the most famous African abolitionist and political leader of the 19th century Douglas was the black leader and symbol of his age, but he was thinker and many Americans ignored. Douglas lived more than any other given expressed quandary facing African Americans they praise independence, constitution which calls for quality to all men. Douglas argument was hypocrisy to Americans who extolled the meaning of July 4th while ignoring the slavery of black Americans.Douglas employed a normal independent to demonstrate hypocrisy. In most of his speeche s Douglas was a provider of piercing critique of slavery itself. Douglas was a Jeremiah who employ jeremiad as outline by sacvan bercovitch, constantly calling Americans to abandon their sinful way to fulfill Nobel ideals to declare he was the father founder. The argument that Douglas announced was to the Americans that they need only to adhere to the ideals of America to achieve the greatness inherent in the institutions. For the reader unversed in the history of abolition movement, the rule of William loud garrison and battles between the moral suasion, and political abolitionists, co-lalacos monograph provides an excellent introduction in a concise well-articulated way the enhances the book without overwhelming the central story of Douglass thinking about America colaiaco also covers the notice influenced Douglass thinking and eventually brought on the civil war in 1829,oration outlined mans of the same arguments Douglas used twenty three years later. Douglass lasting achievemen ts was to utilize those arguments to lay down both a more profound compelling critique of side and more realistic vision of post slaves America some(prenominal) Douglas and Lincoln were natural poor. Douglas was brought up in his grandmother slave shacks in Talbot County, Maryland and Lincoln was in one-room, cabin in Harding county, Kentucky.Both addled their mothers when they were very young though doulas lost his mother when he was only seven years old Douglas was separated from her mother when he was infant. Lincoln lost his mother due to drink poison in the toxic milk at the age of nine. Both were born in 1809 while Douglas was born in 1818.In terms of standing they have 6 inches taller than most common men in these days. Douglas was a slave under American law but Lincoln was considered as a slave in the beginning of civil war speeches Douglas urged Lincoln in his public speeches and newspaper to allow blacks their rights and to fight for freedom. Both men get married wom en above their social status and this likely helped them with their success. Douglas married his wife Anna Murray on September 15, 1838 she was a free black woman of some means five year old son.lincoln married marry Todd on November 1842 she was a daughters of wealthy slare holder from Lexington, both men were gifted orators in a day when speakers were regarded on much the way that many regard sports or movies stars today. Speeches were a form of entertainment as well as education, Lincoln use his gift for oratory to win elections and gain public supports of policies, both would hold several public offices through their lives. After meeting senator Samuel promessors of kansa, secretary of war Edwin Stanton, Douglass arrived at the soldier home when Lincoln was spending the summer. He gave his calling card to sternward and prepare for long wait.lincoln greeted Douglas by saying Mr,dougas I know you I have read about you Douglas impressed by the presidents candour said I was never i n any way reminded of humble origin or my unpopular color. Douglas had many meeting with the president in his offices Douglas and Lincoln forged a friendship that would last the rest of Lincolns brief life upons Lincoln death Douglas was implored to speak at a gathering of mourners at the Rochester courthouse of his speech.In 1863 that was the time blacks finally won the right to military services. Fredrick Douglas and Abraham Lincoln met for the first time in Washington dc hoping to meet president to seek for redress for the constitution. Lincolns father hired him out for manual labor to earn money for the family while Douglas was hired out for his masters profit and salves. They both had little education where Douglas began learning to read when he was sent to serve huh auild in Baltimore. Auld wife began to teach Douglas the alphabet.lincoln only attended 18 months of formal schooling from itinerate precept at frontier school. Both share same basic reading skills and they mostly read bibles.ConclusionIn conclusion material both Douglas and Lincoln has however thought many how life his difficult when the rich just want go high day by day. Both men are really of dignity in the other way Lincoln did not initially set out to end slavery but he only meant to preserve the union which he thought union without freeing the slaves would not do .And later I came to realize that In august 10 1863 relationship between Douglas and Lincoln starts to pin down. Douglas went to Washington to meet Lincoln for the first time. Lincoln behavior towards Douglas revealed much about how he felt about him and views towards black has changed completely. Black man was ever personally invited into white house with respect. As for the growth of Lincoln towards slavery issues on the occasion Douglas felt Lincoln showed a deeper moral conviction towards slavery that had ever seen before Douglas appreciated Lincoln for treating has equal has others. Although both did not see each other p laza to eye but both did not find common ground on some issues through mutual respect and civic debate. Most important lessons that can Americans learn from these two great men was that they only disagree without being disagreeable simple respect goes along way and you never now. I understand that both men Douglas and Lincoln were born poor. Douglas was brought up in his grandmother slave shacks in Talbot County, Maryland and Lincoln was in one-room, cabin in Harding County, Kentucky. Both lost their mothers when they were very young though doulas lost his mother when he was only seven years old Douglas was separated from her mother when he was infant. harry W. David, Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln a relationship in language, politics, and memory, lectures, Marquette University Press, 2001Blight W. David, Beyond the battlefield race, memory the American Civil fight, University of Massachusetts Press, 2002Carson Clayborne, Emma Jones Lapsansky-Werner, Gary B. Nash, African American lives the struggle for freedom, African American Lives The Struggle for Freedom, Clayborne Carson, Pearson Longman, 2004Marten A. James, More than a contest between armies essays on the Civil War era, Frank L. Klement Lecture Series, James Alan Marten, A. Kristen Foster, Kent State University Press, 2008Benson W Thomas. Rhetoric and political culture in nineteenth-century AmericaIssue 6 of Rhetoric and public affairs series,Thomas W. Benson, Michigan State University Press, 1997.Shenk W.Joshua , Lincolns Melancholy How Depression Challenged a President and Fueled His Greatness, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2006Guyatt N, Providence and the invention of the United States, Cambridge University Press, 2007Finkelman P, Encyclopedia of African American history, 1619-1895 from the colonial period to the age of Frederick Douglass, Volume 2, Paul F, Oxford University Press, 2006Civil War Society, Civil War the magazine of the Civil War Society, Issues 66-74, Country Publishers, 1998 D ouglass F,Douglass monthly, Volumes 4-5,Negro Universities Press, 1862Thompson E.Julius, The Frederick Douglass encyclopedia, James L. Conyers, Nancy J. Dawson, ABC-CLIO, 2010

Factors Affecting Consumer Buying Behaviour

Factors Affecting Consumer Buying BehaviourIn the early history consumer behavior has led to theories, research methods and earth knowledge of the consumer economy and self-service concepts. Consumer deportment in the 1950s is based on the concept of selling through various alternative approaches. Widespread bridal of the merchandise concept was the impetus for the study of consumer behaviour (Consumer Behaviour, Leon G. Schiff man, Leslie lazar Kanuk and Havard Hansen). To key the unmet needs of consumers, companies gull participated in extensive market research. So, they discovered that consumers be rattling complex, subject to various psychological and accessible needs. Thus, the concept of marketing has emphasized the importance of consumer research and laid the groundwork for the implementation of the principles of consumer behaviour in marketing strategy. It is interesting to note that even before the evaluation of the marketing concept, an intuitive finding of con sumer behaviour has been the key to the growth of businesses.INTRODUCTIONNow-a-days the organisations in any manufacturing are concentrating on the gratification of the consumer needs and desires to run their business operations and eventu solelyy develop their business. Organisations are introducing come of activities to make the end user quelled outside their business operations. (Anderson and Sullivan, 1993).Consumer Behaviour is the process individuals or groups go through to select, purchase, use and dispose of goods, work, ideas or finds to satisfy their needs and desires.-By Solomon, Marketing sure People, Real terminations, Page-148Sprott (1958) believes that the group of people around the consumer has cause important factor to consider in the consumer acquire decision in any attention. He also make known clearly that the group is number of people who act together, that may be a family, may be friends, and may be neighbours. The group that affects the buying be haviour of the consumer is also c aloneed Reference group.2. FACTORS AFFECTS TO CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOURThe aim of marketing is to satisfy their client needs and requires (Kotler, 2003 182). The field of consumer behaviour is to list that how a guest buys, uses any product and run and dispose it. Schiff man (2002) posits that it is never simple to identify and understand consumer needs. However, the behaviour of consumer depends on some factors. There are number of factors in the study of consumer behaviour which plays important role in buying of any new product or services from the selling firm such(prenominal) as customer income, culture, technology, various eccentrics of personal factors.1. Cultural factorsIn the field of consumer behaviour, the cultural affects most to the consumer behaviour and within different types of societies. Managers of any firms must have to consider about psychological and behavioural effects (Cleveland and change, 2008). However, the subculture , well-disposed class are the also important factors of consumer behaviour. The firms tooshie capture the picture of consumers needs and to identify their wants by indentifying the cultural of their societies. In addition, the cultural is the norms, rituals and traditional among the society (Solomon, 1999 16). Rosenthal (1992) who identify that within culturally heterogeneous societies desire the United States, and the countries of Western Europe, the psychological and behavioural consequences of ethnic group membership are of considerable importance. It is one type of lens through which people can view product and services. The consumer choices cannot be determine without taking culture context in which they are make. On the other side, thither are some social activities and cultural activities which are considered to obtain the consumer behaviour (Foxall, 1993). Generally, the culture can be divided into the three parts namely cultural, sub-cultural and social class. The role of sub-cultural is to identify the nationalities, religions and geographic regional. In addition, it is quite important to understand about sub-cultural because it helps to the firms to provide the best services and product in the market size (Schiff man Kanuk, 2007). In addition, the all human societies exhibit social stratification and some cartridge holder, it takes the form of a caste system. However the social class not only includes the income of person alone it shows the level of education and occupation (Kotler, 2004 185).The social class is not same in dressing style or speech patterns but it is different. So in the current situation, it is important to identify the dimensions of cultural before they are going to sell product and services (Solomon, 2007). In addition, the following is the theoretical model of the culture which identifies that how the cultural is affect to the consumer behaviour.Above plat which presents that the consumer behaviour which is based on cult ure, values and social norms factors. and in addition, it shows that not only national culture is influence to the behaviour but also at that place are some religion, value, ethnic level which important when any customer is going to buy any product and services, However, Karanhanna and Evaristo (2005) who argued that the levels of the different cultural is based on the nature of consumer behaviour, thus behaviour which is include strong value and sub cultural.2. brotherly factorsHuman worlds are social animals and our desire is to fit it and or to identify by individuals or groups which are the primary motivation for buying product and services in the services industry. After the cultural factors in the study of consumer behaviour, the Social factors also affect the consumer behaviour. From the early year, Peterson (1987) found that socialization which is determined the mien of patterns of behaviour or the process by which the person can adopt social roles. Where the family is m ore powerful social factors, it affects the consumer behaviour rather than social norms. Furthermore, the social factors include self concept and personality. This social factors is affects by reference groups and family and social roles and statuses (Kotler, 2003 184). A reference groups of person which include different types of groups like friendships groups, work and shopping groups that impact on consumer behaviour.3. Personal FactorsThe consumer behaviour also depends on the personal characteristics. The way of the consumer behaviour is determined by buyers age and stage in the life cycle, personal occupation, economic circumstances and lifestyle of person and also behaviour is affects by personality and self concept (Kotler, 2003). In addition, in the lifetime, people are not buying the same product and services, their need of product and services are changed by time to time. For the example, in the early year, the person used pager for the communication but nowadays, they ar e different, they prefer to buy mobile for the purpose of communication. Solomon (1999) argued that in the traditional societies, the lifestyle which is affecting a pattern of selecting product and services and also reflecting a person choice of how he/she spends time and money. In addition, instantly consumer is buying product and services over others because they are connected with other person lifestyles. However, the research found that the lifestyle of the person is changing by time to time.Nowadays, advertising is become most affecting factor to the consumer behaviour, because advertising is become essential to get information about new product and it result in better products for the public. Furthermore, the personality, product quality, self concept and self power, the way of product display methods are the major(ip) factors which impact on consumer behaviour in the services industry (Schiff man and Kanuk, 2007).4. Psychological factorsPsychological factors play important role to determine the consumer behaviour. These factors are affected by four major factors like motivation, perception, and take awaying. This psychological factor decides the personality and lifestyle. The demonstration influence is also dependent upon psychology of an individual. Nowadays, learning is the major factors in the study of consumer behaviour because when people act, at that time, they learn something (Kotler, 2003). Furthermore, Learning can change the consumer behaviour from experience. Most of behaviour is learning from the current environment.Personality, lifestyles and attitudes are the major characteristics of consumers which provide understanding about consumer behaviour into the services industry (Schiff man, 2007). Consumers have a wide range of attitudes towards the product, services, advertisements, and internet and towards retail store. Whenever, any customers ask him/her self about product and services, at that time, we are being asked to express our attit udes. If any marketer wants to understand about attitudes of consumer, they need to understand about consumer beliefs towards product or services brand (Kotler, 2003). These beliefs and preference is attributing to typeset consumers attitudes towards a brand. In the study of consumer attitudes, the lifestyle is the most important concepts to understanding consumer behaviour (Simon, 1999). Most of researchers agree that there are three components like affect, behaviour and cognition. These all components are connected to each other. Where the affect which refers to the attitudes object and in Behaviour, customer involves intentions to do something towards their attitudes object. The cognition refers the belief on attitudes object. This model of attitudes is called ABC model (Simon, 1999 p.207). To define the market, it is important for marketer to know about what customer is like or dislikes. However, from the early years, the researcher was estimated that family decision is one of important factors that affect on consumer purchase decision (Simon, 1999). In addition, Bonnet who identify that attitudes towards food product or high risk involving product is comes from family .However, the peer group, personality are the also major affecting factor which applicable to change customer buying behaviour.3. CONSUMER BUYING DECISION MODELFrom the early year, the research suggest that following is the way where customers go through five stages for their decision making process to buy product and services. This model is implies that customer pass this all stages in every single purchase process but some time, customer is not going to pass, they often skip or reverse some of the following stages.Need quotation randomness Search military rank of AlternativesProduct DecisionPost-Purchase DecisionTable 3.2 (Stages in consumer decision making model)(Source Marketing Real People, Real Decisions by Solomon p.150 and Kotler, 2003, p.204).1. Need RecognitionThe process of the consumer buying decision process starts with problem recognition. This steps occurs when customers sees a significant difference between her/him current state or desired state (Bruner, 1987,) .At this conformation, the consumer is faced with problem which may be large and small or complex (Solomon, 1999).The problem of the consumer at this steps depends on the nature of her/him needs, it also depends on environment where customers is living. This need which can be drive by either an internal (hunger) or external (passing through burger king stimulates hunger) stimuli. Some of demographic factors like Age, sex, income, education and marital status which are also inferred influence which affects need recognition. In addition, the Psychological factors like motivation are also basic of all consumers (Solomon and Michael, 2007). Moreover, Kotler (2006,) who argues that the perception factors reflect helps how the customers see her/him self as well as their surroundings. This perception is not only important for need recognition phase but also affect to other applicable phase.2. Information searchIn the consumer decision making process, once the problem has been recognized, they need to search some relevant information to solve it. In this phase, where the customer uses different types of way to gather information to fulfil their needs discussed above.Generally, the customer is going to search information by internal or external method. Internal sources applicable, when customer has a some memory about product or some have degree of knowledge. (solomon,1999274-275).In contrast, where there is need more information about their needs, at this situation ,Generally , customer is prefer to use internal sources like to use advertising, friends, family, point-of-sale displays, radio, magazines. Nowadays, Internet is become necessary tools to adopt information. In addition, the use of an internet has rapidly grown from its early years (Comegys and Hannula, Vaisanen, 2006 ,). Moreever, in the services industry, customers prefers internet to choose product from information.3. Evaluation of alternativesAfter facing information about their needs, The third phase is evaluation of alternatives where generally, customer is focus to set up rules for choice of product and services, In addition, this phase is evaluate the way of choice of product and services like how does the customer process competitive brand information and make final judgments towards product ( Kotler, 2003 p.205-206).Kotler also identify the several concepts which contribute to understanding into this phase, where first of all, customer is mostly trying to get gaiety towards needs. Second, the customer is looking certain benefit for their problem. Third, customer is sees product with different types of brands with their attributes, here attributes of customer is vary by product. However, the customer is try to find the alternatives for their product by set of brand beliefs where the eac h brands stands on each attributes.4. Product decisionAfter evaluation stages, once the relevant category is established from the above phase , the choice must be made among them (putsis and srinivasan,1994 ).Here is the process which needs more attention on desired choice .The choice can be influence by internal factors like experience on product and services . First is an attitude of the others, where the attitudes of friend, family, social community which affect to the change the decision on desired choice. secondly, there might be some unexpected situational factors like wrong of choice product is suddenly gone up (Dubois, 2000).Furthermore, Dubois (2000) submits that when the customer is going to make purchase decision, at this time, put away there is need to make some sub purchase decision like way of payment method, time of purchasing where the payment method and price is more major factors affects into mobile services industry. However, some times, the purchase decision ph ase fails because of perceived risk (Taylor, 1974,).Lack of confidence, the amount of attribute uncertainty are the major influence factors in the purchase decision stage.5. Post Purchase BehaviourAfter the Purchase decision, the post purchase phase occurs. Generally, if any sales representatives want customer come back again towards store, they should be able to understand the behaviour of customers. The post purchase phase is a complex process where satisfaction of customer is utilization. One of Researchers Henard, (1988) submits that the customer satisfaction evaluations can be influenced by consumer expectations and perceptions. Moreover, The Atmospherics is also plays important role in this phase (Hoffman and Turley, 2002).This phase can be divided into two way post purchase satisfaction and post purchase actions (Kotler, 2006 198-199) where generally research suggest that if the customers come back to the store, it promoter they are dissatisfied but Oliver (1999 33-44,) argu ed that it does not mean that when customer come back because of being satisfied, they might be other reason when they come back. In addition to satisfaction in this phase include brand preference and repurchase intentions and how it is affect. Here brand is one of major factors in the services industry which is affect on satisfaction about product and services.4. CONCLUSIONConsumer buying process is an understanding of the appropriate fundamentals that impact upon individual buying decision making and the general process through which individual behave and make the decision is an imperative first stage in the development of any marketing communication plan (Fill, 2002), upon the basis of that understanding, marketer device the plan and try to implement well with the sales figure. But, despite all their efforts to pre-sell consumers through advertising, marketers increasingly are recognizing the significant degree to which many purchases are influenced by the store environment. It h as been estimated that about two out of every three supermarket purchases are decided in the aisles. The equilibrium of unplanned purchases is even higher for some product categories (Solomon, 2002).The essay mainly deals with the theoretical approach to the consumer buying behaviour and provided the background about consumer buying behaviour in terms of organisation. However, in the first part of this essay is presented that it is important to understand consumer buying behaviour for firms that why consumers make the purchases that they have done and what type of factors affect to the buying behaviour. This essay also investigated the types of factors affect more to the consumer buying behaviour which is main objectives of the conducting research. Moreover, the essay also contains the theory about consumer buying decision model.

Causes of Political Disaffection and Disengagement

Causes of political sympathiesal Disaff electroshock therapyion and DisengagementIs the British political degree to blame for politicaldisaffection and detachment?The Founding Fathers suggested that a democracy digest only come to impartial decisions if both high levels of representation and deliberation take place (Garg atomic number 18lla, 1998). As a event of evolution political pullout and disaffection indoors contemporary British politics, in that respect is a growing, focus on the quality of representative democracy in Britain and on the quality of democratic democracy (Kelso, 2007, p365) the relationship that has been recognised is that political disaffection and disengagement ar not conducive with an impartial democracy. Worryingly, both the Hansard Societys annual, Audit of Political meshing (2017), and a recent House of Commons briefing paper, Political disengagement in the UK who is disengaged? (2017), suggest that political disaffection and disengagement ar e growing trim backs association of politics is down six percent from the previous year (49%), the level of trust in Government to put the needs of the nation outset has dropped to 17% (2013) and trust in the credibility of MPs stands at a measly 9%. These figures indicate that there is indeed an issue of disaffection and disengagement indoors the UK, thus, to determine if the political configuration or instead, something else is responsible, it becomes necessary to investigate what the cause of disengagement and disaffection is within specific subsections of the population especially those who are more likely to become disengaged from politics the disaffected democrats (Flinders, 2015). These f accomplishs include demographics such as the working house and 18-24 year olds, both of which account for low levels of knowledge in politics compared to the average mentioned above 29% and 33% respectively (Hansard Society 2017). The term political class is contentious and, isstill n ot exhaustively substantial in literature (Manolov 2013). Allen &Cairneys, What do we mean when we talkabout the Political Class? (2015), bears the best practical definition that the term political class is usedto identify certain, flawed characteristics, that elected politicians tend tohold, those beingLimited roots in local constituencies, inexperience of the real world, inability to reect the social background of the voting population, inability to represent devolved and English regions, and their tendency to engage in a style of politics that is off-putting to the commonplace public.(Allen & Cairney, 2015, p18) The prevalent view that the working class currently haveof politicians is one of cynicism (Manning & Homes 2012). Within a studyconducted by Manning & Holmes (2012), members of the working class gaveopinions on how the political class cannot represent them one member of thesurvey describing David Cameron, the then PM as followed hes snooty hellnot really be intereste d in ordinary, what I class ordinary people (Manning& Holmes, 2012, p.483). This line of narrative makes total sense as thereis no sense of descriptive representation (Pitkin, 1967) for roughly electedMPs. For example, just 3% of MPs elected in 2015 came from an occupationalbackground described as manual work (House of Commons Library 2016), whilstthe attri unlesse of the population that lies within the social class of manualworkers (DE) stands at 25% (NRS, 2016). Moreover, the annual wage for theworking class sits below 20,000 (Manning & Holmes, 2012) whilst the baseannual net profit of an MP starts at 76,011 (Parliament.uk, 2017). It would be fairto say that there is a huge socio-economic disparity between the two classeswhich makes it hard for the working class to intend that they are trulyrepresented within Parliament. This idea has been explored thoroughly in regardto the descriptive representation of women Phillips (1995), well-nigh notably suggestedthat the electorate te nds to save those that are, best provide to represent(Wngerud, 2009, p.52), their views those that can empathise directly withtheir electorate. Underrepresentation is an issue for a much wider demographicthan just the working class. Just 8% of MPs identify as BME (British Future,2017) whilst the population of BME citizens in the UK stands at 13% (Census,2011). Furthermore, just 2% of MPs are on a lower floor the age of 30 (Total Politics,2016) whereas those who are of voting age under 30 make up 8.4% (Census, 2011).As the political class is not representative of the working class, or if itfails to represent minorities proportionally, there is no sense of, law, within the representative process (Gargarella, 1998), resultingin political disaffection and potentially even disengagement. Whilst Pinkleton & Austin (2004) suggest that political disaffection leads to political disengagement, in evaluation, there is try out to suggest that although disaffection is significant within the UK, the same cannot be said for political disengagement. Flinders (2015) argues that the current political climate is not, anti-political that is it is not in favour of disengaging from politics but that it is, anti-establishment disaffected from contemporary politics and the nature of the institution of the political class. Whilst statistics previously mentioned indicate that the levels of political knowledge within the working class are relatively low (29% vs. social class AB returning 71%), voter turnout in the 2017 General Election is only approximately lower than the highest ranking social class DEs 61% in comparison to ABs 73% (IPSOS Mori, 2017). This would then indicate that even though the working class feels disaffection towards politics, they remain involved in the political process. This seems to be the case more generally more and more people are involving themselves in politics. Party membership numbers are ever increasing with the Labour party holding a 38 year hi gh of 552,000 members (June 2017) and the extensive Democrats a 24 year high of 102,000 (June 2017) (House of Commons Library, 2018). The logical question therefore why is this the case amongst the working class and society in general?Birch (2016) reiterates the assumption that the remobilisation of certain cleavages within politics indicates that a, newissue has galvanised a previously political quiescent sector of the population(p.107). This is reflected in the 2015 YouGov epitome of the General Electionin which, the data within the social class DE shows a shift away from theConservatives (a vote share of 29%, their lowest amongst any social class) andone towards the alternatives of Labour and UKIP (37% and 18% respectively). Avote for Labour, whilst not as obviously as a vote for UKIP, could still very headspring be a vote against the political class. Mills (1958) specification of thepolitical class as the, political directorate, places greater influence onthe case of Cabinet above both Government and naturally Parliament. FollowingMills terminology, a vote against the, political directorate, would be anyparty that would descend the current Cabinet. Thus, as Labour offer the mostimmediate alternative to the, political directorate, in a UK that isconverging upon a two-party governing body (Prosser, 2018), a vote for them could alsobe interpreted as a rejection of the current political class proof ofpolitical disaffection but not of disengagement.A stronger argument for disaffection being the faultof the political class would be the rise in support for UKIP. Nigel Farage,former leader and ardent takeoff rocket of UKIP, ran on a campaign revolving aroundthe political class, selling us out, due to them being, career politicians(GE 2015 & Brexit referendum 2017), drawing a clear line between the electorateand, them, (the political class). As well as furthering the argument of alack of descriptive representation causing political disaffection, Faragescampa ign platform highlights an issue Crouch outlined in Post-Democracy (2004) career politicians are, more concerned withmeeting the needs of big business rather than ordinary citizens (Jennings etal., 2016, p.880). This concept is reinforced by a survey carried out by Jenningset al, which reports that 78% of social classes C2DE believe politicians to beself-serving. This in tandem with the rise in votes for other parties, givesevidence of a growing cleavage against the political class, which although has preventedpolitical disengagement from becoming a widespread issue amongst the workingclass, has cemented political disaffection within society.However, in evaluation, whilst political disaffectionis self-evident, there is a systemic issue which enables the political class tounjustly receive much of the criticism. Flinders (2014, p.3) draws attention tothe 1975 report, The Crisis of Democracy,which suggests that, the demands on democratic government grow, while thecapacity of democratic government stagnates. The concept Flinders thenexplores in the same article is one of an, expectation gap, and, in another article, conjugated by Kelso, he goes on to assert that the contemporary system ofGovernment, encourages politicians to promise standards of behaviour thatare unrealistic and unattainable (2011). Thus, when these, unattainable, promisesare not kept, the result is one of disaffection as the electorate feels letdown. Looking through the lens of game theory, it becomes clear as to why thisis a systemic issue within contemporary UK politics. Whilst competingpoliticians both offer the most out of reach promises, any attempt to reducethe expectation gap by lowering the quality of promises ordain yield less votes,as to the electorate, the other candidates yields them a better payoff. Thus,the current scenario remains in a Nash equilibrium in which both candidateswill offer a high level of promises in detriment to the expectation gap. Whilstit could be argued that t he political class is at fault for offeringunreasonable promises in the scratch line places, it is to an extent only as a resultof the nature of the contemporary electoral system. It can also be argued that political disaffection and disengagement are both contributed to by external factors, as opposed to just the political class. One of those external factors would be the influence of social media. Whilst this applies more to the younger generations within the electorate, the effects of social media in creating political disaffection are considerate. Yanamoto et al. (2017) report of ever increasing, attack advertising, and, negative media coverage, which perhaps foreshadowed the investigation into the activities of Cambridge Analytica (Channel 4 News, 2018). CA was more notoriously active in the Trump presidential election yet played a part in the 2016 Brexit referendum. Although there has been no leak of the explicit role CA played in the Brexit campaign, going off track record o f its campaign defining crooked Hilary slogan it developed from US Facebook data, it would be fair to suggest that the firm played a part in inflating political disaffection felt by the UK electorate. Even if CA was not directly involved, it cannot be denied that websites such as twitter, facebook and YouTube give individuals and entities a platform to spread cynicism and a rhetoric in favour of political disaffection. As suggested in Flinders (2015) individuals such as Owen Jones and Russel Brand played, major roles, in promoting a, different form of politics, engaging their audience, primarily the youth, in a narrative which turn around the idea that, the nature of British democracy was one of failure. Yanamoto et al (2017) found that cynicism like this, did not yield in disengagement from politics but rather, it, fostered, a sense of desire to create change. In evaluation, social media is only a means of venting and publicising the original disaffection held by the electorate d isaffection which has been created by the political class.BibliographyAllen, P. & Cairney,P., 2015. What do we mean when we talk about the political class?. Political Studies Review, 2017,Vol.15(1), pp.18-27. in stock(predicate) from http//journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1478-9302.12092Birch, S., (2016). Ournew voters Brexit, political mobilisation and the emerging electoral cleavage.Juncture, 2016, Vol.23 (2), p.107-111.Available from http//web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=1b6a5f7d-88e1-4a87-93c5-b91d1acc55b3%40sessionmgr102&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3dAN=118114895&db=bthBritish Future. 52 minority MPs to sit in most diverse UKparliament ever. capital of the United KingdomBritish Future. Available from http//www.britishfuture.org/articles/52-minority-mps-to-sit-in-most-diverse-uk-parliament-ever/Channel 4 News., 2018. Exposed undercover secrets of Trumps datafirm. London Channel 4. Available from https//www.channel4.com/news/exposed-undercover-secrets-o f-donald-trump-data-firm-cambridge-analyticaCrouch, C., 2004. Post-Democracy. Cambridge PolityCrozier, M., Huntington,S. P., Watanuki, J., Trilateral Commission., 1975. The crisis of democracy Report on the governability of democracies tothe trilateral commission. New York New York University PressFarage, N., (2017). I got into politics because I could see ourpolitical class in Westminster would sell us out to Europe. Available fromhttps//www.facebook.com/nigelfarageofficial/videos/1542379039143027/Flinders, M., 2014. ExplainingDemocratic Disaffection Closing the Expectations Gap. Governance, Vol.27(1), pp.1-8. Available from https//bath.userservices.exlibrisgroup.com/view/action/uresolver.do?operation=resolveService&package_service_id=2335930000002761&institutionId=2761&customerId=2760Flinders, M., 2015. TheGeneral Rejection? Political Disengagement, Disaffected Democrats and DoingPolitics Differently. ParliamentaryAffairs, 2015, Vol. 68(suppl1), pp.241-254. Available from https// academic.oup.com/pa/article/68/suppl_1/241/1403570Flinders, M. and Kelso, A., 2011. Mindthe Gap Political Analysis, in the public eye(predicate) Expectations and the Parliamentary DeclineThesis. The British Journal of Politicsand International Relations, Vol.13(2), pp.249-268. Available from http//journals.sagepub.com.ezproxy1.bath.ac.uk/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2010.00434.xGargarella, R. (1998).Full Representation, Deliberation and Impartiality, in J. Elster (ed.),Deliberative Democracy. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, pp. cx37 Great Britain.Parliament. House of Commons, 2016. Socialbackground of MPs 1979-2017. London House of Commons Library. Availablefrom http//researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7483/CBP-7483.pdfGreat Britain.Parliament. House of Commons, 2017. Politicaldisengagement in the UK who is disengaged?. London House of CommonsLibrary. Available from http//researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7501/CBP-7501.pdfGreat Britain. Parl iament.House of Commons, 2018. Membership of UKpolitical parties. London House of Commons Library. Available from http//researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN05125/SN05125.pdfThe Hansard Society,2017. Audit of Political Engagement 14. LondonThe Hansard Society. (The 2017 Report). Available from https//www.hansardsociety.org.uk/research/audit-of-political-engagementIPSOS Mori, 2017. How Britain voted in the 2017 elections. LondonIPSOS Mori. Available from https//www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/2017-06/how-britain-voted-in-the-2017-election_2.pdfJennings, W., Stoker, G.,and Twyman, J., 2016. The Dimensions and Impact of Political Discontent inBritain. Parliamentary Affairs. Vol.69(4), pp. 876-900. Available from https//academic-oup-com.ezproxy1.bath.ac.uk/pa/article/69/4/876/2468902Kelso, A., 2007. Parliamentand Political Disengagement Neither waving nor Drowning. The Political Quarterly. Vol 78(3), p. 364-373. Available from https//onlinelibrary-wiley-com.ezproxy1.bath. ac.uk/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1467-923X.2007.00865.xManolov, G. 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Symbolism in Lord of the Flies, by William Golding Essay -- essays res

Symbolism in Lord of the Flies, by William Golding In his classic novel, Lord of the Flies, William Golding uses many elements of symbolic pay offation to help the readers gain a greater understanding of his message. Symbolism can be anything, a person, place, or thing, used to portray something beyond its self. It is used to represent or foreshadow the conclusion of the story. As one reads this novel, he or she will begin to recognize the way basic civilization is slowly marginal away from the boys as conflict between civilization and savagery arises.The conch shell represents power and authority. Whoever has the shell has the power to talk. The conch shows how people use objects to give power, like a crown. "Conch?" "Thats what this shells called. Ill give the conch to the next person to speak. He can assert it when hes speaking (pg.33)." This shows that whoever holds the conch during meetings gets to speak At these meetings a sense of order is instilled because the boys have to wait until they hold the conch to speak. The conch becomes a powerful symbol of civilization. "By the time Ralph had finished blowing the conch the platform was crowded." (Golding, 32) Ralph shows his leadership abilities as he recognizes the use of the conch. Ralph begins to take leadership over the boys by setting rules as using the conch to let everyone have a turn to speak. Another symbol of strength and command is the cease. As long as the fire is well maintained, the b...

Seeking Harmony as a World Citizen Essay -- Personal Narrative Essay E

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