Marketing :: essays research papers

TERM PAPER     There are a number of aspects encompassed by the field of Marketing. Each of these aspects are key elements in the performance of Marketing a harvest-tide. The concept of Marketing is made up of four "Ps" they are Product, Price, Promotions, and Placement. These elements of products and operate or ideas are used to create exchanges that satisfy an individual and or organizational goal. Promotion is the main communication to the market that informs, persuades, and reminds potential buyers of a product in order to influence an opinion or elicit a response. Advertising is a key element to the promotion strategy. The publicise appeal is wherefore consumer wants to buy a product or function.      Developing and evaluating advertising appeals is a complex assignment. This is usually the responsibility of the creative people in the advertising agency. The close to widely used appeals are Profit, Health, Love and Romance, Fear, Admiration, Convenience, Fun and Pleasure, Vanity and Egotism, and Environmental Consciousness. When looking at a product or service the consumers look at certain aspects that appeal to them which, helps aid them in their decision on that product/service. The Profit appeal lets consumers know whether the product will save them money. Make them money, or keep them from losing money. The Fear appeal can center on social embarrassment, growing old, or losing ones health because of power, requires advertising to exercise care in execution. some other advertising appeal that is usually looked at is Environmental Consciousness, which focuses on protecting the environment and being considerate of others in the community.      When choosing the best appeal for your product/service it generally requires market research in order to place your product/service in its correct target market. "The appeal first must take hold a positive impression on and be desirabl e to the target market. It must also be exclusive or unique consumers must be able to distinguish the advertisers message from the competitors message." When making your impression on the target market it is enormously important to operate sure the appeal is believable and is not embellished. If the appeal is over thought it not only wastes promotional dollars but also creates ill will for the advertiser.      The advertising appeal for the product/service must be desirable, exclusive, and believable advertising, which is also known as the Unique Selling Proposition. The Unique Selling Proposition commonly turns into the promotional slogan. As a business you want your slogan to be a household theme or symbol that everyone will recognize.

Casino Development in Massachusetts Essay -- Casinos Gambling Governme

Casino Development in mommyThe Commonwealth of Massachusetts is in trouble. As the Big Dig gets closer to completion and the unemployment run rises in the state, what are lawmakers doing to help get ahead the economy and close the deficit? Heading into the fiscal year 2005, Massachusetts is facing a record deficit of close to two billion dollars. Lawmakers on Beacon Hill are scrambling for upshots, but seem to be coming up empty handed. With the elections drawing warm and nearer, and local state contenders vying for seats in the state congress getting more competitive with one another, what can Massachusetts do about this stinting crisis. A number of legislators from Massachusetts seem to have a solution to help Massachusetts out of this rut, and boost the struggling economy and job market. That solution is the introduction of legalized childs play and casinos to the state of Massachusetts. The legalization of casinos in Massachusetts would provide the state huge tax profits, provide thousands of jobs to a struggling market, help boost the states lagging tourism sector, drive local business upwards through millions of advanced visitors each year, and provide everyone (tourists & local citizens) with quality entertainment.Throughout the twentieth century, legalized gambling has become an excellent source of entertainment. Proponents of gambling argue that casinos provide an outstanding source for job opportunities, direct re locale to state and local governments through taxes and fees, and change magnitude tourism in the surrounding areas. Opponents of the controversial gambling topic focus on the attraction of an unwanted crowd, increased crime rate, and traffic congestion on state and local roadways. Both United States citizens and foreign tourists who want to experience the glitz and glamour of gambling can travel to remarkable Las Vegas or Atlantic City. For many years, Nevada and New Jersey were the headquarters of gambling in North America. Howev er, the corporate gambling world got a facelift on February 15, 1992, when a new casino opened in the New England area that would change the entire legalized gambling world forever. This casino would become the most fantastic gambling venue in the world. A Whole New BallgameFoxwoods Resort and Casino, developed by the Mashantucket Pequot Indian Nation, has grown from a small casino to the largest casino i... ... Gives reading regarding recent votes and recent legislative moves that directly effect the gaming movement.Van Voorhis, Scott (2004). Gambling biz betting change is for better. Boston Herald.http//news.bostonherald.com/localRegional/view.bg?articleid=46327ainDiscusses recent moves by doubting Thomas Finneran (Fmr. Speaker of the House), which has a major effect on the issue at hand.References (cont.)Gambling Magazine Online. (2003)(http//www.gamblingmagazine.com/managearticle.asp?C=280&A=8441 ) Discusses spending that is happening in Massachusetts to help push casinos to the state. http//www.foxwoods.com Gives General information regarding the casino itself, facilities, and services. Used for a variety of data and information.The Center for Business and Economic Research ,University of Nevada, Las Vegas (2004). Metropolitan Las Vegas touristry Statistics.http//www.unlv.edu/Research_Centers/cber/tour.htmlProvides statistical data for tourism in Las Vegas area.http//www.02133.org/issue.cfm?ID=10 Gives good background information regarding the Massachusetts casino movement specifically and also presents good facts and data.

Superconductivity and Superconductors :: Physics Physical Essays

Superconductivity and Superconductors ABSTRACT Superconductivity allows current to pass through a solid with no resistive losses at near absolute zero temperatures. It to a fault exhibits the Meissner effect which causes the superconducting material to repel magnetic fields. The application of this technology has been extremely limited due to the prohibitive costs of using Helium to cool the material to the critical temperatures. Recently, however, new ceramic materials were discovered which exhibit superconductive properties at higher temperatures which can be reached using cheaper liquid Nitrogen cooling. Applications have immediately spread out and are expected to become amazing in the near future as scientists search for a room temperature superconductor . ORIGINS Superconductivity is the passing of electricity through conductors with no loss of power (Graham 17).

Philosophy - Are we Willing to Accept the Changes that Philosophical T

school of thought - are we Willing to Accept the Changes that Philosophical Thinking can Bring? Philosophy is a full general overview of how our society functions, by how we opine and the many itinerarys in which we act. It can also be described as the love of wisdom. As individuals we are introduced to ideas that trial run our knowledge of the different concepts of breeding, with questions much(prenominal)(prenominal) as who are we and why were we brought here? Philosophical questions drop made an impact on us with thoughts that dont usually have an answer to the question which was brought forward, and to which incomplete side knows the answer to. For thousands of years mankind has questioned the origins of human life and the nature of the cosmos. Over the years, great philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle philosophized such questions as What is the import of life on Earth? What were the circumstances that caused us to wonder about why we are here? And which method fo r searching for the meaning of life do we take? Such questions have also boggled my mind. The philosophy of ones life, can only be answered by that person whom it consumes. Philosophy and our daily lives are close linked to each other. At work and or school we are sometimes bombarded with questions that may occasionally affect our way of thinking, and in some cases our righteous beliefs. In the community, we are subjected to things that become integrated into our lives, and we are left with the agony of trying to figure out the right or wrong answer, wh... Philosophy - Are we Willing to Accept the Changes that Philosophical TPhilosophy - Are we Willing to Accept the Changes that Philosophical Thinking can Bring? Philosophy is a general overview of how our society functions, by how we think and the many ways in which we act. It can also be described as the love of wisdom. As individuals we are introduced to ideas that test our knowledge of the different concepts of life, with questions such as who are we and why were we brought here? Philosophical questions have made an impact on us with thoughts that dont usually have an answer to the question which was brought forward, and to which neither side knows the answer to. For thousands of years mankind has questioned the origins of human life and the nature of the cosmos. Over the years, great philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle philosophized such questions as What is the meaning of life on Earth? What were the circumstances that caused us to wonder about why we are here? And which method for searching for the meaning of life do we prefer? Such questions have also boggled my mind. The philosophy of ones life, can only be answered by that person whom it consumes. Philosophy and our daily lives are closely linked to each other. At work and or school we are sometimes bombarded with questions that may occasionally affect our way of thinking, and in some cases our moral beliefs. In the community, we are subjected to things that become integrated into our lives, and we are left with the agony of trying to figure out the right or wrong answer, wh...

Old Vs Young - Tragedy :: Free Essay Writer

The older generation of people in the play can be contrasted with the two young lovers. The lovers portray themselves as rash and tearaway(a) who are filled deeply with emotions. Their elders, on the other hand, have experienced much in life and are probably wiser, thus they see things from a different angle. This leads to the elders not understanding the feelings of Romeo and Juliet, hence causing conflicts, misunderstandings and pain to arise. The older generation in this play refer to Romeo and Juliets parents, the Nurse and Friar Lawrence. I do agree that the older generation did play a major role in their childrens destiny through their foolishness and good intentions, but not alone blame is credited to them because Romeo and Juliet did contribute to their own tragedy. Fate also thwarted our intents. Montague and his wife show themselves to be caring and loving parents. After the fight on the streets of Verona, Benvolio is conversing with Montague and his wife about Romeo. Lady Montague knows her son has been troubled lately so she is glad he was not at this fray. Montague has observed his sons distress, deep sighs, heavy son and wants to relieve his despair, as willingly give cure as know. From here, we can detect the good intentions of Romeos parents, thus we know that whatever choice Romeo makes, they would have rendered their utmost support to him.Older people are often view to be wiser. Capulet admits that it is easy for men so old as we to keep the peace which shows that the feud between their families can be resolved. However, it is clear that no effort has been put into termination their quarrel. This highlights the idiocy of the two men which leads to the tragedy because the young lovers could be happily married when the feud ended.Capulet has good intentions when he finds a suitable match for his daughter. genus Paris is a handsome and gracious gentleman. It can be said though, that Capulet is acting out of pure selfishness because he knows Paris is a relative of the Prince which is why he, afterwards in the play, insists that Juliet marry Paris. Lady Capulet is absurd in her description of Paris, a flower, to beautify him only lacks a cover. Her attitude towards marriage and love is so artificial and she seems more interested in the wealth and nobility of Paris.

Old Vs Young - Tragedy :: Free Essay Writer

The older generation of people in the play can be contrasted with the two young honeyrs. The lovers portray themselves as rash and impulsive who are filled deeply with emotions. Their elders, on the other hand, have experienced more in life and are credibly wiser, thus they see things from a different angle. This leads to the elders not understanding the feelings of Romeo and Juliet, hence causing conflicts, misunderstandings and pain to arise. The older generation in this play refer to Romeo and Juliets parents, the suck up and Friar Lawrence. I do agree that the older generation did play a major role in their childrens destiny through their foolishness and computable intentions, but not all blame is credited to them because Romeo and Juliet did contribute to their own tragedy. Fate also thwarted our intents. Montague and his wife show themselves to be caring and loving parents. aft(prenominal) the fight on the streets of Verona, Benvolio is conversing with Montague and his w ife about Romeo. Lady Montague knows her son has been troubled lately so she is glad he was not at this fray. Montague has observed his sons distress, deep sighs, heavy son and wants to relieve his despair, as volitionally give cure as know. From here, we can detect the good intentions of Romeos parents, thus we know that whatever choice Romeo makes, they would have rendered their utmost support to him.Older people are often thought to be wiser. Capulet admits that it is easy for men so old as we to keep the peace which shows that the feud between their families can be resolved. However, it is clear that no effort has been put into ending their quarrel. This highlights the idiocy of the two men which leads to the tragedy because the young lovers could be happily married when the feud ended.Capulet has good intentions when he finds a suitable match for his daughter. Paris is a handsome and gracious gentleman. It can be said though, that Capulet is acting out of pure selfishness beca use he knows Paris is a relative of the Prince which is why he, later in the play, insists that Juliet marry Paris. Lady Capulet is absurd in her description of Paris, a flower, to beautify him only lacks a cover. Her attitude towards marriage and love is so artificial and she seems more interested in the wealth and nobility of Paris.

An Eminent Threat to the Planet Essay

ball-shaped heat is certainly a danger that threatens our society. While it whitethorn not drastically affect this generation, if things keep going as they are, future generations allow for have to deal with the problems that people are presently causing. Global melt and Greenhouse Gases Global warm up refers to an overall increase in the temperature of the priming coat. This is due emissions of greenhouse gases, which are essentially pollutants which damage the flat coats ability to adjudge itself when they are released into the atmosphere.Carbon dioxide is a particularly common greenhouse gas that is emitted by the activities people all of the time. An overload of these gases prevents the ability of the atmosphere to absorb virtually of the rays from the sun, as the ozone layer is damaged. Fossil fuels, such as gasoline, diesel, and kerosene release fumes into the atmosphere that damage the atmospheres ability to regulate the earths temperature by allowing and preventing s olar rays from reaching the surface. mood Change and oceanl Level RiseAlthough current climate change is best represented by more extreme temperatures (higher high temperatures in the summer, and lower lows in the winter), ultimately the earth is expected to warm up. Many scientists have hypothesized that within the next century, the earth may warm by up to two degrees Fahrenheit. Although this does not seem want a lot, it could cause the melting of the outer layers of Antarctic ice, which would cause a rise in sea level by up to a few feet over the course of the next century.But the rate of ball-shaped warming is expected to increase, according to the Environmental Protection Agency. If this occurs, and due to the expansion of Antarctic ice and the melting of some ice caps, sea level could rise by several feet, which would have devastating consequences. Life as we know it would be completely altered by any significant rise in sea level. Because water allows for trade and transpor tation, most major communities are built close to the coast of continents, rather than the interiors. That being said, if sea level was to rise so lots as ten feet, many cities would be completely destroyed.Miami, Florida would have to be evacuated, as would most of the towns within fifty miles of the United States Gulf Coast. Much of the belt down in the Caribbean would be submerged, as would many islands in the South Pacific, and even some areas in Europe, such as the Netherlands. How Our Current Activities are Causing Global Warming Although exact measurements of the rate of the rise in temperature and thus, sea level are presently immeasurable, the way human beings are living today will certainly ensure that they will be significant.People are causing more emissions of environmentally and atmospherically dangerous gases than ever before, and we do not seem like we are going to stop any time soon. More cars are on the road, more airplanes are in the air, and more boats, includin g large freighters and barges are in the water than ever before, and as the planets population increases, so will the amount and volume of our emissions of dangerous gases. If we intend to hinder global warming in any way, we have to realize that our present course is not environmentally friendly, and it will lead to a rise in temperature (and a great abundance of pollutants).We need to invest in clean fuels, and even though researching alternatives to our current fuels will be costly, it is well worth it in the long run, because global warming is a fast way to destroy our planet. References U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Climate Change Greenhouse Gas Emissions. 2009. http//www. epa. gov/climatechange/emissions/index. html U. S. Department of State. Climate Change and Overview. 2009. http//www. state. gov/g/oes/rls/rpts/car/90312. htm

Isabella’s Shut Lips: An Answer to the Duke’s Proposal in Measure for Measure

At the beginning of Act V, one will see Isabella kneeling and plead in front of the Duke to render her mercy and justice. She asked him to consider and hear her complaints first onwards judging her in front of the spectators. Angelo insists that she shouldnt be heard for she has lose her mind. But Isabella persisted that she in a sound mind and should be heard by the Duke.The Duke hold with Angelos assertions and acknowledged to the possibility of Isabella being insane By mine honesty,/If she be mad,as I believe no other,/Her madness hath the oddest frame of sense,/Such a dependency of thing on thing,/As perpetually I heard in madness (Shakespeare 114). Here we see that he (the duke) already mistrusted Isabella on their first meeting even before Isabella could speak her mind. He favored Angelos assertions over her confessions. He trusted Angelo, the man that caused her suffering, over her.The initial reaction of the Duke towards Isabella is not something that a gentleman intere sted in a certain lady would do. It is an initial display of disregard and apathy towards Isabellas causes and appeals. He could have believed her in the first instance that she speaks of her sanity instead of prompt her more to prove it to everyone in the crowd. He could have treated her more nicely. However, the Duke decided to hear her cause despite his belief that she is insane. He allow her verbalize her affairs and her complaints. She said that she is the sister of poor Claudio which was condemned of a crime.In her desire to save him, he pleaded Angelo to pardon him. However, Angelo abused his superiority and implored her to sacrifice her virginity for the sake of her brother. She agreed to it but still Angelo prosecuted her brother. In this event, the Duke mistrusted Isabella one more time. He asserted that it is impossible for Angelo to do that for By heaven, fond wretch, thou knowist not what thou speakst,/Or else thou art subornd against his honour in hateful practise. /First, his integrity/Stands without blemish (Shakespeare 117). He fervently believed that Angelo is not the kind of person that was described by Isabella.Furthermore, he accused Isabella of dishonesty and implored her to reveal the truth. He accused her of being advised by someone to stain the morality of Angelo Confess the truth, and say by whose advice/ cat valium camest here to complain (Shakespeare 117). In this case, the Duke showed his favoritism for Angelo by defending his integrity and morality in front of the speactators. He could have scrutinized the pieces of evidence first before judging in favor of Angelo. He could have given Isabella a chance to support her claims and complaints instead of mistrusting and misjudging her right away.Moreover, he asked the guards to send her to prison. Immediately afterwards Isabella aired her complaints, he immediately dismissed them as fallacious and immediately asked her to be sent to prison. He claimed and justified this so as to free the mint from her scandals and her influence. He deemed it necessary for her to be taken away from the crowd. I know yould fain be gone. An officer /To prison with her Shall we thus permit/A make noise and a scandalous breath to fall/On him so near us? /This needs must be a practise. /Who knew of Your intent and coming hither? Shakespeare 117). But while the Duke permitted Isabella to present a witness to support her claims in the name of Friar Lodowick. But even before he agreed to let him testify, he doubted the possibility of a Friar having known the woman and would actually defend and take her away from the misfortune that befallen her. Furthermore, he spoke ill of Isabella by calling her a wretched woman. Words against me? this is a good friar, belike /And to set on this wretched woman here/Against our substitute /let this friar be found (Shakespeare 118). The last dialogue of the Duke was about thanking everyone for their assistance and guidance in the resolution of t he problem that they were confronting. Thanks, good friend Escalus, for thy much rightness/Theres more behind that is more gratulate. /Thanks, provost, for thy care and secrecy/We shill employ thee in a worthier place (Shakespeare 135). Right after that the Duke then asked Isabella to marry him. close Isabel, I have a motion much imports your good Whereto if youll a willing ear incline, Whats mine is yours and what is yours is mine. So, bring us to our palace where well showWhats stock-still behind, thats meet you all should know (Shakespeare 135) However, Shakespeare eliminated the possibility of the Duke being bluntly rejected by Isabella. I believe Isabella would have rejected the offer of the Duke. First, she is still treat a broken heart from the death of his brother. Second, she is planned to be in a nunnery and anyone who plans to be a nun doesnt have marriage in their vocabularies. Third, there is no indication or hint that Isabella was ever interested to neither the Fr iar nor the Duke. She did not reveal any clue for us to read that Isabella has fallen in-love to either of those personas.And lastly, the Duke has not treated her well enough for her to feel that his proposal is not an impulsive and therefore sincere. As stated in the arguments above, the Dukes treatment towards Isabella is not something that deserved a yes from her. He treated her without sympathy and care which every man who wishes to marry a woman should do. The proposal was make in a spur-of-the-moment manner. Aside from treating her severely, the Duke have not in any way showed Isabella that hes interested in her and that he wanted her to be his wife. His proposal is not something that is to be deemed sincere and genuine. Isabella deserves more.

Feature of a just society Essay

Assess whether an unequal distribution of property between individuals could be a feature of a just union? (50 marks) By a just society we are referring to the principle of people getting what they deserve or desert theory. Those such as Nozick believe that individuals have an autocratic right to property of income that they themselves create Marx outlined his belief in absolute equality Rawls, however, is the only philosopher able to claim the middle ground and apprize a sensible solution claiming that an unequal distribution of property cease, with certain constraints, benefit the worthlessest in society.Nozicks view on the distribution of property focuses on the getting even of how it came about. Self-ownership of ones own talents and abilities is key to his way of thinking. If, for example, Cristiano Ronaldo asked his football club to pay him 25p for each ticket sold, the fans being happy to pay the extra, and 400,000 people watched him be that season thence he would b e ? 10,000,000 better off. This is perfectly just according to Nozick, since Ronaldo is using his own talents to make money which the fans voluntarily gave to him.However, in some(prenominal) philosophers eyes, this would be seen as unfair is Ronaldo was allowed to keep all, or even any, of that money. Be that as it may, Nozick stated that people were ends in themselves and any attempt to use them in ways they dont agree to = even for some greater good would violate their liberty. Such as example would be taxation. People, thus, have a right to own what they produce conservatives would even argue that property becomes part of a persons personality.The only constraints Nozick places on property is that it should be justly acquired (not stolen or gained via the forced advertize of some others), justly transferred (fair price given not cheated or robbed), and the rectification of injustice (giving back property that was stolen or otherwise unjustly taken). If one were to accept N ozicks view, the result would be a society with huge economic inequalities. There is also the problem with individuals, through no shortcoming of their own, not being able to support themselves.Relying on philanthropy and personal savings that one has been able to save doesnt seem just oddly if one is a pauper and kept at the mercy of the bourgeoisie. In this ace a worker may accept a wage cut, but how a lot true liberty do they have in making this decision? It could be argued in a society which has no safety net upbeat system, actually little. Nozick goes onto state that we have self-ownership of the things we create. This would therefore suggest that the proletariat working in factories, and the like, would have a right to what they produce since they have mixed their labour with it.But in a capitalist society, which Nozick supports, this would be, and is, the case. There therefore seems to be a rule for some and another for others with Nozicks idea of self-ownership, which seriously undermines the authenticity of his justice. Furthermore, history shows us that a great deal of initial scholarship of property was unjust based on theft, sla truly and colonisation. All property that derives from unjust acquisition being unjustly held, one does not have the right to transfer said property, nor does the recipient have the right to what they are receiving.It would, moreover, prove very difficult, if not impossible, to rectify the injustice of the past, as Nozick thinks one should do, since we have no way of establishing what belongs to who in many cases. The conclusion we are forced to draw is that Nozicks theory has no application if we cannot start from a just beginning. Marx, on the other hand, focused on the plight of the proletariat, who, having nothing but their labours to sell are exploited by the bourgeoisie who are in turn protected by the state which keeps private property legal allowing a small make out of individuals to own the commanding heig hts or means of production.In such circumstances people cannot make use of their right to self-ownership as Nozick claims, for they are creating items for the profit of the bourgeois and not themselves. Marx therefor believed in a needs based theory of justice. This would entail the abolition of private property and see that every man, muliebrity and child gets what they need and gives what they can. The principle can be summed up as thus, from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs. Property does, however, seem to come course to human beings with philosophers such as John Locke claiming it is a Natural Right.When one takes the liberal view that we are rational number, self-seeking, egotistical beings, it only seems right that the acquisition of property should follow. It is also true that the large percentages of the states in the world are run this way. Though this on its own cannot justify private property, it does heavily suggest that there go out alw ays be a place for private property no matter what your vison of the prefect society is. Furthermore, one could argue that private property offers the allure of material success that motivates people to work.Even if one does not buy this argument, Rawls claimed that injustice in the distribution of property in society can work to the advantage to the poorest in society via a welfare state etc. Rawls invented the veil of ignorance to prove in the original position what justice should be. As virtue of us, humans, being free rational beings, we would consent to a free market state, but only as long as rights were guaranteed and protection for the poor put in place. For the freedom to starve is no freedom at all.We would agree to these conditions for human life, since we would not know, in theory, what our race, creed, religion, talents, opinions or health would be in advance. In this sense it is reasonable to assume that we are rational egotistical beings, for it makes sense, and is i n our own self-interest, to want these conditions. As for the capitalist free market aspect, wealth knowledgeability can be the only means by which the poorest in society can benefit via the state taxing the rich and redistributing some of it to the poor. In this hypothetical situation we would have legal and foundational equality, as well as equality of opportunity.No one should be disadvantaged by the outcome of indispensable chance, the contingency of circumstances or choice of principles. In this light, the racist and the liberal would both be permitted to criticise each other prevented from physically harming each other and neither allowed to alter or remove foundational equality from the constitution. Importantly, Rawls thinks that once a certain level of martial wealth has been acquired (? 26,000 a year in the UK), then we would value such legal and foundational rights more as well as basic liberties such as freedom of speech and association.Thus liberty will be preferred t o less liberty, but greater wealth. This leads to Rawls difference principle, that we would choose to maximise the minimum level of welfare. This would create a society with a smaller gap between the rich and the poor, but also a smaller average wealth. One can object to this and state that it makes more sense to maximise the average level of wealth, especially if there is equality of opportunity meaning that one can improve oneself. However, one could imagine a society which is less prosperous, but more just something based alone the lines of Marxs desert theory.Conversely, however, justice, in terms of the distribution of property, actually comes from prosperity and wealth creation gained and produced by some, so that others can benefit from the resulting taxation of said people. In conclusion, only Rawls can offer a theory of justice that appears sensible to the rational egotistical being as well as avoiding the un-pragmatic approaches of Marx and Nozick. Even is one does not acc ept Rawls theory of justice for one may be very rich and have lots of land then at least it shows one what justice should look like.

North Sea Oil and Gas

E truly business or industry is prone to versatile insecuritys which include floods, earthquake, terrorists which the industry should put mechanisms in place to evacuate such. Effective contingency planning has been of importance to most industries that embrace the idea. trade union Sea anele and Gas has for a long time been prone to the problem of changing weather conditions which is especially experienced in the sea. The companies that exploit the North Sea crude oil and gas take hold put a lot of emphasis on risk care and most of the companies have bushel up risk management departments (Leslie and Michaels, 1997).Numerous deaths had occurred during the exploitation of North Sea oil and gas in the 1970s and 1980s and this called for useful contingency planning to reduce the losses incurred by loosing work force and by spillage of oil and gas due to buckles. The companies that exploit the gas and oil have invested in the contingency planning as a elan of flair of managi ng the risks (Leslie and Michaels, 1997).North Sea oil and gas has been a source of wealth to the countries that exploit the resource. North Sea oil has been used to refer to the oil and immanent gas exists beneath the North Sea. The countries that exploit the North Sea oil and gas include Netherlands, Norway, Germany, United Kingdom and Denmark. Most countries and especially companies that have been habituated license to exploit the resource have taken proactive measures of risk. Mining beneath the sea has led to many deaths of the people involved and this has called for heavy(a) investment in risk management switchs undertaken by the companies. The pipes that transfer the oil and natural gas from underground reservoirs to processing plants which are mainly located some withdrawnness from the sea must be strong to withstand the waves in the sea. Depending on weather changes, waves differ in their height and this call for contingency planning other than heavy losses are incurr ed by the particular troupe (Leslie and Michaels, 1997).In the 1970s, the North Sea oil a gas companies took proactive measures to avoid heavy losses that resulted when waves exceeded the height of 3 meters. The operators laid many pipes which assumed the shape of S to maintain smoothness between the large barge and the ocean floor. The operators used give in anchors to further buckles by raising and resetting the pipes at the barges. The operators had to be keen because improper lowering of pipes would result into a pipe buckle which presented a serious panic in laying the pipes. The excessive height of waves which exceeded the anticipated height resulted in further risk of pipe buckles due to uncontrolled lowering of pipes.The companies accordingly had to grease ones palms a large number of steel pipes to avoid delays incase of any pipe buckle and this methods was not cost sound as the company would have desired. Any proactive measure that is taken to manage risk should be cos t effective, utility effective and must therefore be maximizing benefits for the company while minimizing cost (Leslie and Michaels, 1997).An effective contingency planning in managing risks in project requires good planning and coordination of all the stakeholders in the project to ensure maximum desirable result. Risk management involves taking measures in dealing with suspense. The North Sea and oil contingency planning that was adopted in 19790s involves dealing with uncertainty because in favorable weather conditions, there is less cost involved in dealing with risks since pipe buckles will be few and hence very few new pipes will be required to be laid. However, since its hard to predict the height of the waves in the sea which can cause heavy losses if unchecked, the companies that explore the oil and gas in the areas must take precautionary measures (Leslie and Michaels, 1997).Exploration of North Sea oil any natural gas involves reservation wealth for the companies that are undertaking the projects. The importance of contingency planning in the exploration project is very essential in risk management because its used to assess the possibility of bad weather condition which is a threat to the project. The assessment is consequently used to reduce the possibility of underperformance that may be realized when no measures are undertaken to reduce or avoid the pipe buckles. The cost of replacing buckled pipes reduces the profit margin that is realized in the project and therefore effective contingency planning help to manage the risk.Effective contingency planning helps to capture the benefits of fair weather. Uncertainty about weather conditions is a threat that faces the North Sea offshore pipe laying. If effective contingency planning is observed, long periods of bad weather can be sustained because the project major should be able to recognize and deal with the bad condition threat which is inevitable. The project managers should ensure there is ple nty supply of pipes during bad weather condition to avoid delays in replacing the buckle pipes. The project managers should observe good contingency planning by ensuring that the oil and gas pipeline are complete in the first place the bad weather sets in and this will assist in reducing the costs associated with contingency planning. Laying pipelines in time helps in avoiding major delays in the project which may result in heavy monetary losses.Contingency planning for reducing possible threats that are associated with North Sea and oil exploration could be a possible way of increasing income to the companies that are undertaking the project. American project management institute (PMI) argue that there is a possible hazard associated with the risks that threaten the project in winter, bad weather conditions has been known to lead to gas shortage in most cities which due to law of demand, the prices increase. This could be an prospect for those companies that are concerned with t he project.Effective contingency planning in managing risk North Sea oil and gas has created an luck to the companies undertaking the project. This is attributed to the precautions taken by the companies in anticipation of bad weather threat. The project involves paying for delivery before the contract begins. Most companies that want to protect themselves from the deficient supply of the resources therefore vitiate the resources before the contract begins. The high demand has contributed to higher revenue derived from the project and this consequently results to higher positivity (Leslie and Michaels, 1997).Contingency planning which is mainly associated with managing risks should not only commission on the threats that hamper the success of the project but should also view threats as an opportunity to achieve the objectives of the project. Achievement of objectives means the project has succeeded. Therefore effective contingency planning in addressing risks should recognize the close relationship of threats and opportunities. The actions taken by the project manager in reducing the risks should seek to create an opportunity for excellence (Leslie and Michaels, 1997).Effective contingency planning should not focus on managing threats. Instead the project should seek to identify the different sources of risks and consequently how to manage the risks. Focus on risks draw emphasis on the anticipated failure. Therefore, assessing the various sources of uncertainty and how those uncertainties can be a threat to the project and consequently how to manage the uncertainties involves application of effective contingency planning.North Sea oil and gas exploration is associated with many uncertainties which present various threats to the project. Focus on the opportunities created by the uncertainties management can lead to profitability and success of the project. The project manager should identify the origins of uncertainties instead of managing risk first and thi s will assist in addressing the root of the problem. Most projects have failed to meet the set objectives due to their failure to address the root of the problems. Superficial problem solving has led undesirable results. Therefore identification of the source of uncertainties should be considered as the graduation exercise of the risk management process in effective contingency planning (Leslie and Michaels, 1997).Uncertainty is present in every project and in all stages of the project conduct cycle (PLC). The uncertainty is contributed by various reasons which are inevitable. All projects success is udderd on various assumptions which are the main sources of uncertainties. Differences in the performance of project concerning cost, quality and duration that is required to complete the project bring a lot of uncertainties. In laying pipes in the ocean in a way that will avoid pipe buckles involved a lot of uncertainties. This is attributed to the changing weather conditions.Its ha rd to forecast the height of the waves in the ocean in a particular season and this present source of uncertainties since its hard to know with certainty the cost of dealing with the threat since its hard to tell the amount of pipes to be knocked mass and therefore requiring replacement (Leslie and Michaels, 1997).Proactive risk management in the North Sea oil and gas project should be entrenched in both base plans and contingency plans. Its argued that if a project focuses very much on being cost effective its bound to fail on risk management in some occasions. However, crisis management should only be used as principal management in some occasions. However, crisis management should only be used as principal management mode if the risk management fails completely (Leslie and Michaels, 1997).ReferencesLeslie, Keith, J. and Michaels, Max, P. The Real Power of Real Options. The McKinsey Quarterly 3 (1997)134-225.

Crash, Boom, Bang

Crash, Boom, Bang Janie Bunce Abstract The photograph Crash was voted the take up motion-picture show of 2005 for good reason, it deals with subjects that others were probably afraid to tackle. As the name implies it starts with a car crash, but in doing so reveals only one of the metaphors used in the movie. former(a) metaphors used in the movie allow us to view the culture shock that many mess send off on a daily basis, peculiarly when dealing with different ethnicities, religions and races.Los Angeles is shown in its true colors w present people live in a fast paced city where more than the cars move at a faster pace. These characters speed through their lives without nonice of other people around them. It is as if some of them feature blinders on that only allow them to see what they unavoid equalness to see. Until they crash into one each other. Crash is the kind of movie that makes you debate twice about your actions, asking yourself tough questions, not just of yours elf, but of those that are around you could I withstand said that differently?Was I acting racist? Do I discriminate against those I do not come across? This is the sort of movie that has us looking deep into ourselves to do some much needed soul-searching. Crash, Boom, Bang Paul Haggis directed Crash with an idea that it not only exposes multi-social, but multicultural differences in order to give us a small window into a few of the interactions and how these interactions, good or bad, incite behaviors and lives, in a relatively small group of individuals.We are allowed to see how this group deals with situations that may be considered to be racially stereotyped and outright prejudiced. Voted the best movie of 2005, by the Academy Awards, Crash as the title implies starts with a crash, but that is only one metaphor for the culture shock that many people dumbfound when they crash into people from different races, religions, and ethnicities. The city of Los Angeles is shown as a fast paced place where e reallything from the people involved in the first interaction to very last gasp of the movie, move faster.The characters seem to speed through their lives, almost unaware and certainly most times without considering the connections and consequences of their daily actions. This is a shadowerdid pullulate it clearly shows how a diverse group of individuals when pushed into one anothers lives set up leave painful scars in their wake. When you watch Crash you begin to see just how much of what one feels, says, and does can impact so many others around them. There were those however that were shocked by the material covered in it.It can be denied as much as anyone wants to deny it, but the movie is meant to be racist. It was made to make us think about our actions originally we open our mouths and insert a foot into it. Some of the aspects in this movie are intended to remind us that no matter how we would like to think that America is a post-discriminatio n coun strive, the sad truth is that discrimination and prejudice are far from gone in America. Although this movie opened in 2005, we still go through the same problems today.Young Black men are still being stereotyped, as are those of Islam and Latino heritage. Prejudice and discrimination are but two subjects that are covered in this movie. We see from the social stereotyping to the outright racism how painful it must have been for the actors to reach down into themselves and find the emotion needed to do their scenes and do them well enough to make us believe that they were real. Paul Haggis, allows us to see the different layers of the characters as if peeling an onion.Many of us may have pre-assumptions about people from different cultures and how we interact with those people, often under stressful situations. The movie for me was a re-affirmation that all people must be treated with detect at all times. After all it is not their fault that you may be having a bad day, or v ice versa. Crash had and has the ability to spew large audiences of different ethnicities, bring them together in one room without fear of arguments. This is partly due to the undercurrents of unacknowledged racism that occurs in American liveness on an everyday basis.It is the kind of movie that can lead to some soul-searching from its lingering emotional potency. It remains one of the best movies I have even seen. I have always believed that the two most powerful characters in the movie are portrayed by Matt Dillon ( officer washbowl Ryan) and Ryan Phillippe (Officer gobbler Hansen). Officer Ryan is not only jaded and abusive, but a racist as well, this is later shown to be because of an ordinance passed by the city of Los Angeles. Officer John Ryans generate loses his business, because most of his employees were working minorities.From that one action we can determine the reason why John becomes a racist individual. This may also be the reason he blames minorities for the cl osure of his fathers business, thus influencing him to mistreat people of other races. This comes to light as Officers Ryan and Hansen pull over a vehicle that is only vaguely similar to the carjacked vehicle that the police are looking for. Officer Ryan mistakenly believes that it is a mixed couple, with the beautiful cleaning woman being discolor he soon learns that the beautiful woman is in fact a light skinned black woman.The young couple in the vehicle can only wonder what is happening as they see the lights flashing signaling them to pull over. Their confusion turns to fear as Officer Ryan begins to harass them. Instead of disquisition up and doing the right thing, Officer Tom Hansen looks on, says nothing to stop it and becomes more dismayed by his partners actions by the minute. Officer Ryan, realizing he is in control and that no one is going to stop him he begins to enjoy his power trip as he roughly handles the slightly tipsy woman.As things get on with he does almo st everything to Mrs. Thayer except have sex with her as he checks her for weapons as her angered husband can only stand by and watch. Mrs. Thayers eyes beg her husband to do something, she sees the anger in his eyes but she also sees fear in his eyes as well. He feels bewildered as he sees the fear in hers. These are two white men, two white police men that are in control, however badly, of the situation. He understands the consequences if he makes a move to assist his wife, at best he could be arrested, at worst killed.Another powerful example of poor judgment on Officer Ryans part is to never get into a relationship at work is shown when Officer Ryan goes to see Shaniqua Johnson in her office, and has an ulterior motive for comprehend her, he wants to enter into a relationship but only to help himself and to possibly get a favor or two later on down the line. From what we have seen so far, we can safely say that Officer Ryan is used to getting his way, becoming angry when he do es not, and having his way when it comes to the having the proportionateness of power.However, here we find Officer Ryan in a predicament where, a powerful woman, a powerful black woman, has the upper hand over Officer Ryan. He knows she welds the power as well as she knows who is in control of this situation. She likes being able to give orders and withhold what she knows he wants. It is her choice to make and he does not like it, he can see in her eyes and hear in her tone that this is a futile situation. When she tells him that she will not be able to help his father, he begins his other strategy.Pleading his fathers case and outlining what her actions might cost her in the end she takes him by surprise and throws him out of her office without dowery him. The last time we see Mrs. Thayer she is upside down in a car, having just had an accident and has found herself to be trapped in a vehicle that if she cannot get out of is going to explode and more than likely kill her. Office r Ryan comes upon the accident and calls in for help meantime he has to get this woman out of the car. Mrs. Thayer recognizes him but the recognition is not mutual. Why this man? She wonders.Is he here just to molest me again? Will he even try to help me out or will he only taunt me as I die? As she begins to weigh the costs and possible benefits of this commuting and what is about to happen she is at once adamantly opposed, and rightly so, to being rescued by a person who, twenty-four hours earlier, had molested her smiling as he did it in from of her husband and not caring who he is as long as he helps her get out of that car. As we look further into this we can see that at first Ryan does not immediately understand why she is so reluctant for him to help her.Slowly recognition kicks in as he recognizes the woman. He does his best to calmly reassure her that he is here to help her that he is the only one here to help her, and the he will not scathe her. Again he reassures her th at he is only there to help save her and he does finally pull her from the wreckage. We then see as he holds her thinly as he calms her that he is not entirely a bad man and that it is possible that his frustrations over not being able to help his father overcame him and turned him into a racist at least up until this point in his life.The most powerful scene that I felt was shown, happened between Officer Hansen and calamus Waters, for me it clearly showed that the balance of power was ambiguous for them both. In this scene we see Officer Hansen, a cop, although an off duty cop, and he feels he holds the balance of power. However Peter Waters does not know that the man he is speaking to is an officer of the law. He believes that he has been picked up by a fastness Joe, not a member of the LAPD. It is made clear that Officer Hansen has sized up Peter and made his own observations based on the manner of surcharge or lack thereof considering the current weather conditions.Officer Hansens assessment allows him to mighty assume that this man was up to no good. However, what Officer Hansen does not correctly assess is that Peter is of no threat to his safety. Thinking that he is about to be threatened affects Officer Hansens judgment and he mistakenly assumes that Peter is pulling a gun, a tragic mistake that will affect Tom Hansen for the rest of his life. The action also affects Peters family as well, they have lost him forever and, in doing so the effect was that Peter, unarmed, was shot and killed.Officer Hansens decision was to shoot. But, why would he do that? Police officers are trained to restrain minute situations, determine from those observations what their actions and reactions should be. Tom felt that this guy was a bad guy from his observations. If Peter Waters had been pulling a gun out of his pocket, as Officer Hansen mistakenly assumed, then he would definitely benefit the most by acting first. The cost of not acting first could mean death, o r at the very least being injured.Regardless, of the outcome, Officer Hansen correctly identified Peter as a criminal, but his misinterpretation of the situation cost him everything. Although the movie does not tell us what eventually happens to Officer Hansen, we can use our imagination, and assume that his life would have been be changed forever. References http//academic. udayton. edu/race/01race/whiteness19. htm Crash, DVD, Catalog 17938, Lions Gate Entertainment, 2004, ApolloProScreen GmbH Co. http//www. crashfilm. com/ http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Crash_(2004_film) http//www. imdb. com/title/tt0375679/fullcreditscast

China Reflection Paper

We departed by plane, boat, subway, car, bus, and even a let train. The first day was a long day of travel and we landed In Belong around pm. This was my first time ever being do far from and It was an exciting feeling. Our gathering was entirely attractive advanced with distributively other, but right away we clicked and started making friendships. After we checked into our hotel we went on our first walk. It was a lot assorted then and any city I begin been and I was excited right away. We had a beer while walking down the street (who knew you could do that) and smoke-dried a cigarette with the group.At this point In time I knew no matter rough the people and how they loud treat us, but after buying a beer and iodin walking up to me right away with a bottle opener after seeing me struggling I knew it was going to be a great trip. Not because of the beer although everyone loves beer, but because of how nice everyone was to us that first three hours we were in Beijing. Th e first couple days were definitely a culture shock. Everything was new Our tour guide was a shrimpy hard to understand and it was a lot hotter than expected. On the first full day I was glad I brought a camera with. We went to the heart of Beijing.The Forbidden City. Attainment square, A bike ride through the oldest part of Belling, a Tea ceremony and to pull in it morose we all(a) got foot massages. This one day set the pace for the whole trip and I opine got us all over our culture. I coveting however that this day would been a little later in the trip so I could of really understood what was going on the whole time. Lisa was unprovoked to understand after the first day and even started cracking a a couple of(prenominal) jokes. Belong was amazing and my most memorable part was the Great jetty of China. The wall was huge to say the least. It took over 1 million people to build.It hard to explain its size without posting pictures. As soon we approached it and got in it I im mediately respected the people who built it. Yeah its a huge wall. A lot of people dont understand that the wall is built on top of basically a mountain ridge. It is only oft high, but If a person falls of they are rolling down the mountain side. Also a lot of people Including myself thought It was flat on top almost like a road. I never knew It was more Like a humble escalator. Once we walked and crawled to the end we were daring enough to explore past the part of the wall that all the same being kept up and tapped foot on the pilot film wall.In my opinion this was the best part it showed the age and strength of it and how it lasted so many years. I never knew the wall was actually a bad thing for the Chinese. It illogical China from the rest of the world and they used all of their recourses building It. I think they could of thought of a better way to keep to Mongolias out with 1,000,000 people. alone the wonders of tea and the health benefits certain teas give you. The cerem ony is hard to explain, I could repeat it for you some time with my authentic teapot. I liked owe she explained each kind of tea individually and what temperatures they should be served at.I guess Im not supposed to put green tea in boiling water Oops. Another one of the cool things we did in Beijing that I dont think I will ever see again is go to the Pearl Market. This wasnt Just any securities industry the market was strictly for knock-off or look alike items. This market really put my bargaining skills to the test. The market was 4 floors of vendors each floor was as macro as the Kirby Lounge. They had everything from pearls to statues. Every vendor started at a price and through his market Ryan and I really honed our bargaining skills.Some of the things we did we questionable, but effective. First things first you have to walk away at least twice. And keep walking the first time. They are really persuasive. They all think that we are dumb Americans and dont really make do wh at the price should be. So Just keep saying a lower price and stand firm on the price. They always can go lower. sometimes it takes a good 15 minute argument, but its satisfying knowing you paid the lowest price possible. Another trick we did which kind of upset a few people was elk to multiple venders. Play the Over there well she said this price game.Those werent the only awesome things we did in Beijing, but if I parleyed about them it all it would literally take me three days. After Beijing we went to Tannin. Tannin was amazing. We spent 2 weeks there studying business and visiting businesses. I learned a lot about the Chinese culture in those two weeks from the tours, classes and the people we met. Instead of talking about the businesses and classes I would rather talk about the friends I made there. I learned a lot from them and they are the most memorable part. ICC, Iris, Tony, Niles, Jon, Jason, Lisa, and even Terry the club owner were all great people.Miss ICC was great sh e was out going and bubbly and really help us break the ice with the other Chinese students when we were together. She taught us all about the dating life. She was interested in older men because they were more mature and set in life. I feel like this is a common thing over there. She also talked about how marriage is not considered complete until the guy has a house and a car. Iris was very interesting. Her friends called her Superwoman on the account f that she was great at sports. She even took the time to teach Ryan and I few things about tennis.I dont think there is any hope for me in that sport. Tony was an interesting little guy. He taught us about how is China it is really is frowned upon to fail. That is why there arent a lot of entrepreneurs there. He also helped me order a few times. He was interested in our gun laws compared to his. I never noticed that it was illegal over there to own a firearm. I Just thought of it as a nonchalant thing. He was very intrigued when I wa s telling him about hunting and the rights we have as Americans. Niles was awesome we got along very well. I dont think you ever met him Dry.L, but he was a world traveler from Germany. He wrestled in Minnesota during high school, went to college in France, studied abroad to China where I met him, on his way to south Asia for a month and then to South Africa for his last semester. He taught me a lot about how to communicate effectively with the Chinese. He had decent mandarin, effectively and how to be really respectful to the Chinese. He kind of inspired me to travel a lot more. Lifes too short not to travel the world. Little Jon and Lisa were awesome too. They showed us everything and brought us everywhere.They were basically our guides around Tannin. They taught me about how the schooling and grades were actually set up. They explained that it is really hard to get into college, but formerly youre there it is basically a pass/fail. They took the time to show us around during the ir finals week which they would have otherwise spent studying. They broke the stereotype that all Chinese students do is spend their time in the library studying and never have any fun.. They even came out with us a few times and let loose, which was awesome to see. Jason did a good Job showing us around the city and explaining things.He let us have enough agency to branch out on our own and explore stuff on our own which I think was the best part. It was cool meeting him and his family. I still remember his contagious laugh after he would crack a Joke. Terry the manager of the club still Heehaws me very in one case in a while Just to see how America is and how life is. He actually seems like a pretty nice person. After we left Tannin it was a sad goodbye, but it was exciting to start traveling again 2 weeks was plenty enough time to spend in the city of Tannin. The next city we went to was Wax. We met our new tour guide there named Joe.He went to school for Tourism and English and was originally from Wax. In Wax we visited the Tiger Hill pagoda which was one of the most better-looking places we had visited in my opinion and a Tea pot museum. The pagoda stood 7 stories tall and was built to honor and emperor. The emperor was said to have been buried with 7,000 swords. Wax stands for no more Iron. Wax used to be full of iron and was fought over because of it. It used to be a battle ground because of this precious metal, but once it was gone the city was named Wax Just to make sure no one would come back. Its hard to explain the beauty of all these laces.I guess thats why I took almost 1,000 pictures. The Tea Pot Museum was amazing. I love interesting facts and learning about random things like the teapot. The tea pots in it represented Chinese culture and history. People dedicated their lives to the art of Tea Pot making and we learned about the process of how the pots were made, History of the material, what makes a good quality Pot, and how they should be p roperly used. I had to buy one. I bought the 2nd lowest grade of pot, but it is the most traditional. It doesnt drip and can be perfectly balanced in water. After Wax we went to Ouzos then Hangout.One was known for its green tea and the other for silk. I had to buy some of both. They made great gifts for my girlfriend.. I could go on and on about the shows, tours and places we went, but I would be writing for over a month. I will have to end my reflection by talking about the solid food. The food was amazing I had the expectation that I would like it, I never thought I would miss it. In fact Im pretty sure I gained a few pounds over there from it. Lets start with the breakfast. The breakfasts we had we usually at the hotel, which in America means a few bagels and iciness cereal.In China is was pretty awesome most places we went had everything a person could think of and more. One place even had sushi. The breakfasts were pretty Americanizes in my opinion. They had the standard Chin ese food a person could get here. The best lunch I had was at the dumpling place you brought us to. That place was amazing I wish Duluth had a place cooked. The dinners were interesting as well. They were all family style around a round table Which I am not used to. Also a big difference is the size of plate a person gets. The Pates in China Are comparable too Tea cup plate.

Birth Weight And Parity Relationship Health And Social Care Essay

World Health Organization defined disordered parturition freight as a per centum of unrecorded Born babies that weigh less(prenominal) than 2500 g, for a given dress period. Infant mortality addition particular to deliver weight if they weigh less than 2500 gms ( 1 ) . Low origin weight is energised by short gestational age or intrauterine development deceleration or a combination of both. Low render weight is an of import cause for infant mortality in United Kingdom ( 2 ) and can impact baby s wellness in approaching old ages. put up weight is associated with perinatal mortality and morbidity every bit good as with diseases like type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in crowinghood ( 3 ) . New born(p) babes with birth weight of less than 2500g history for 7 % of all unrecorded births in developed states ( 4 ) . Low birth weight varies widely in adult feminines of different socio-economic position e.g.in early 1890ss, in England and Wales the per centum of low birth w eight births was 8.2 % in unskilled societal course of study V versus 5.4 % in professional societal category I based on the business of the male parent ( 4 ) .Smoke is the 1 of the major modifiable hazard factor lending to low birth weight of new born babes. Babies born to distaff parents, who kitty, weigh on think up 200g less than babes born to female parents, who does non smoke. Harmonizing to Messecar et al the tobacco users have twice the incidence of low birth weight as compared to non-smokers ( 7 ) .Socio-economic position strongly affects take surcease in gestation. Womans with lower income, instruction and unemployed are far more likely to go on smoking than adult females from higher socioeconomic position groups ( 8 ) . Smoking surcease reduces the prevalence of low birth weight and increase birth weight among pregnant adult females who stop smoke as a consequence of successful intercession ( 9 ) .We conducted a prospective observational appraise, in which we recru ited pregnant adult females showing to the labour shelter of local District General Hospital in active labors in May 2004.We included adult females who were willing to take part with singleton gestation go out by ultrasound. Mean age of participants were 31.33 ( old ages ) .Women who were non in labor, non willing to take part, with learning disablements, full terminal unwellness and with Intrauterine deceases or still births at the clip of presentation were excluded.We gave eligible adult females the elaborate information cusps sing our survey and a trained wellness attention professional took consent from willing female parents. We used structured signifier to roll up the information and used instance notes of voluntaries to roll up this information. We collected informations on maternal age ( unremitting variable ) , gestational age ( uninterrupted variable ) , on smoke position ( categorical variable ) , BMI ( uninterrupted variable ) and gender of new born ( categorical var iable ) . General demographic information was besides collected. We used standard mensurating graduated table in labour ward to enter the birth weight ( uninterrupted dependant variable ) of the new Born and used units of gms for weight measuring. Data was analysed with the aid of statistician based at the section of canonic Health Sciences University of Leicester. We used SPSS16 package bundle to analyze the information.Over a period of 30 yearss we invited all eligible adult females to take part in our survey from the labour ward of local District General infirmary, merely 150 volunteered to take part. In our informations one individual has all losing values debar birth weight, there were two other outliers in birth weight values, these were non justifiable i.e. birth weight of 20g and 1265g.We did informations cleansing by canceling these three values. Mean birth weight was 3390 gms runing from 2300g to 4520g with standard divergence of 487.37.Womens age scope was from 19years to 43 old ages with average age of 31 old ages. Gestational age among participants ranged from 24weeks to 43 hebdomads with mean of 39 and standard divergence of 2.80.Out of 149 adult females 23 were tobacco users and 126 did non smoke during gestation. Majority of tobacco users in our survey were multiparous i.e. 73.9 % . Approximately 55 % primiparous adult females and 45 % multiparous adult females did non smoke during gestation. Among the new born babies 76 were males and 73 were females. fork out weight is a dependent variable and it is ordinarily distributed. Parity of female parent is one of the forecasters and is besides usually distributed. Pearson coefficient trial was big ( substantial 2 tailed P value=0.01 ) demoing significance correlation between two variables. We used paritymetric trial i.e. independent T trial and gear up that average birth weight of new born in primiparous ( n=74 ) was 3288g which was 205g ( 95 % CI-49.4-361.1 ) less than the average birth wei ght ( 3493 ) of new Borns of multiparous adult females ( n=73 ) .The Levine s shield is non important ( p=0.92 ) , the two discrepancies i.e. primiparity and multiparty are non significantly different and we can presume that the discrepancies are about equal. In our T trial the value of T is 2.63.We have 145 grades of freedom and 2 tailed significance= 0.10 which is more than.005 rejecting our void hypothesis.We checked the relationship between gestational age and birth weight and found this to be linear.We used spearman s trial to see this relationship and found this to be important ( p value 2 tailed =0.01 ) . Birth weight is non dependent on gender of babe ( p value- 0.028 with Mann Whitney trial ) .The interaction between para and smoke to impact the birth weight is non important ( p=0.858, F=0.32 ) and is no more than would be expected by opportunity. Test for difference in average birth weight by gestational age is important ( p=0.00 ) .Test for difference in average birth we ight by Body mass index ( p=0.76 ) , smoking ( p=0.89 ) is non important. Dependent variable is birth weight which is usually distributed.This is prospective survey look intoing the association of babies birth weight with para of their female parents. In our survey consequences Infants birth weight ranged from 2300grams to 4520grams. Harmonizing to WHO any infant born with a weight of less than 2500 gms is considered to be of low birth weight. at that place are many cause of low birth weight in babies including female parents body aggregate index, female parents age, nutritionary and smoke position ( 5 ) .We found that infant born to primiparous female parents weigh less so multiparous adult females. In subsequent gestations birth weight of babies increases our consequences are consist with finings of Macleod S et Al who found that birth weight additions from para 1 to para 3 but they besides found that birth weight dropped markedly in higher para group ( 13 ) ( 10 ) . We did non an alyze the birth weight relationship as per figure of para as they did and we felt that this is one of failing of our survey. It is observed that maternal age and para of female parent affect birth weight by interfering with intrauterine growing, non by impacting gestational age ( 13 ) . Different theories were proposed in literature to explicate the intrauterine growing deceleration in female parents of different age and para groups. Many research workers inform that immature female parents in their teenage could non run into the demands of their growth fetus because of their ain turning organic structure demands and therefore taking to intrauterine growing deceleration ( 13 ) . Same sort of account can be given for multiparous female parents as nutritionary demands change over clip. There are other physiological factors which could play a portion in birth weight of babies in subsequent gestations like co-existing unwellness in female parents ( 14 ) , pregnancy attention etc and this was non looked in our survey.Appropriate for gestational age is term used for Babies whose weight is appropriate for their gestational age, big for day of the months is the term used for babies heavier than their gestational age, and those smaller than expected are considered little for gestational age. We looked at the relationship of gestational age with infant birth weight. We found that this was important and it was straight relative i.e. with increasing gestational age, birth weight besides increased. This is another country for farther research to see any relationship between para and gestational age of babies. We besides noticed that at both extremes of maternal age i.e. in teenage female parents and in older adult females birth weight of babies tends to be on lower side. In our survey sample minority of adult females continued to smoke during gestation.Because of our little sample surface we could non happen any association between smoke and birth weight, nevertheless it is good known fact that smoke is an of import cause of intrauterine growing deceleration and low birth weight of babies. We could non happen any association between gender of new born babies and their birth weight.

Never Forget Event in My Life Essay

There is an detail that I will never forget in my flavor. It was the day experienced my first accident in the river. At that time, I and my friends came to river to fishing after having a class in the afternoon. at exactly3. 00 pm, I got there on foot and brought all fishing equipments. we were so joyful and singing together. sometimes we do a joke and screamed like a crazy man. It was a nice and unforgettable childhood. In the fishing place, we made a chair from unuseful wood around of the river. Then, we sat on it and fishing together.Close to an hour, we had not got level star fish and made us felt so bored. Although, we were still button on and tried it again and again. About 30 minutes later, the float of my fishing equipment moved. Then my friend said that you got it and I pulled it and finally I got one fish, plainly it was not too big. I felt so happy and all of my friends came to me to see that fish. Then, they back to their sit and tried it again 15 minutes later, they got it one by one. one hour later, we had got many an(prenominal) fish about 23 fish.One of my friend told me that it is better to drift because it is so hot today. All of my friend agreed and decided to s superlative degree fishing and swimming in the river. One by one they jumped in the river but at that time I felt so doubt to jump because I could not swim but my friends gave me spirit and one of them said that you argon a loser . Of course, that was made me angry. Then I jumped into the water. Because I could not swim, I asked help to my friends, but they could not help me because they were remote enough from me.Suddenly, I looked at a wood float on the water on my right side, I reached it and hold it. It had saved my life. I was so scare and took a deep breath. All of my friends laughed me and they came to me and took me to the land. They asked me that why did not you tell us that you cannot swim ? and just said I just want to having fun with you all. Then they to ok me to the water again and taught me to swim tumesce. I tried it and one hour later I did it even it was not to well, but I had made good trying.They were so happy and so did I. That was a nice and unforgettable childhood. I have many best many friends and they are helpful. At that time, I realized that if we want to do something, we have to think about it well before, even it is just a little thing in our life. An important event changed my life going to the university Everyone knows how Cinderella changed her life after meeting the prince. I have my own Cinderella story. I was a little missy who was always in shame. I studied hard but always got bad scores.All my friends were my neighbors. I had never gone to a far place without keeping my family company. However, an amazing change happened in 1989. I did not meet the prince, but passed the universities entrance examination. As lucky as Cinderella, I went to the top university of my country. My life was changed from that mom ent. The first change was independence. I lived in a church dormitory which was near the campus my parents could not determine and do laundry for me anymore. I had to deal with everything by myself even handle accidents.Once, I fell downhearted from a scooter and hurt my neck and head. I knew I had to save myself at that moment. My parents knew that their little girl had grown up after that. Now, I study alone in a country far from my hometown I can live here as well as I do in my own place. Getting confidence in myself has led me to more successes. I got my first award of the top five percent in my class in the second year. I was not as reinvigorated as a lot of geniuses on the campus, but I got great scores in my fire subjects. I was active in student activities.We succeeded in holding a campus book exhibition. We survived a solid typhoon when we had a tour in the mountain area. When I became an elder student, I taught and took care of the younger students. An provoke major and abundant student activities built my confidence step by step. The last change deep affects my work, my research, and my life now. The university provided a good environment to open my view. My university is famous for liberty freedom of speech, freedom of life, and freedom in academics.

Hemingway vs. Faulkner writing styles Essay

Throughout time, idiosyncratic composes have crafted varying writing styles that portray the authors themselves and helps the reader to better understand the tone of the piece. During the early 20th century, the upcoming of a new America created many talented writers that varied drastically in style. An author may choose to write in a realistic manor, such as Ernest Hemingway or William Faulkner. From the put Civil War era in which Faulkner was accustomed, to the early 1920s era of Hemingway? s short stories, two authors focus remains on a similar topic.Both authors were realist writers who expressed their concern with the changes happening in America. However, the writing styles in which Hemingway used, compared to Faulkner, show many differences. By comparing the styles of Hemingway and Faulkner, readers move up a contrast in the authors use of sentence structure, word choice, and character development but boilers suit, they achieve a similar tone. In many of William Faulkne rs short stories, such as Barn Burning, the sentence structure is hard he describes vividly what is happening by including small details about characters and setting others may find insignificant.Faulkner uses long, complex sentences that contain hyphens and colons to continue his ideas throughout the sentence. In Barn Burning, Faulkner writes Now he could elate his fathers stiff foot as it came down on the boards with clockwise finality, a respectable out of all proportion to the displacement of the body it bored and which was no dwarfed either by the lily-white door before it as though it had attained to a sort of vicious and ravening nominal not to be dwarfed by anything. Faulkner commonly uses great detail to describe even the simple endure of the fathers faulty footsteps.Much of detail is unnecessary but adds effect to the sentence. Hemingway, compared to Faulkner, uses short sentences to have sex his thoughts. His ideas are expressed flat out, but the point is clear. B oth authors use sentence structure to complete an overall tone in their writing. Both authors achieve a similar tone using sentence structure. Faulkner uses long, little sentences to add to the effect of his stories. Hemingway uses short, blunt statements to set the tone. Many of the two authors stories end with the same sad tone.The sentence structure the authors use can carrytone throughout his story as they wish. The word choice of an author determines how a reader interprets the story. William Faulkner uses more complex words than Ernest Hemingway. In Faulkners stories, the words he chooses often are symbolic in a way. In A pink wine for Emily Faulkner writes The word choice in the sentence sets a tone for the story. The word choice Faulkner uses often disembowel up the complex sentences in his stories. Hemingways word choice is less complicated. His ideas are expressed bluntly through his words. It is easy for the reader to understand Hemingways stories without further int erpretation.

Importance of Training in Catering Industry

Introduction The title of the look is A study on vertex and Development of Work Force in Catering pains in Wrexham Area. nurture is one of the most signifi whoremongert elements in each and e precise face for the bet marchesent of its employees. The aim of the seek is to study the learn programmes conducted for the staves or employees of an giving medication to reform the phoners hold out and productivity. The research aim is mainly to mention the importance of study requirements in give fabrication and to position the benefits of it. investigate Question aims to go out what all victorful formulation and culture programmes or schemes ar adopted by the commission in catering constancy to motivate the employees of a company and overly to mend the functioning of the overall face with the help of total work force diligent. The ternion heavy research questions entrust be 1. What be the benefits obtained by a company after providing readings to their s upplys? 2. What cost argon involved in upbringing? 3. How entrust a company ensure that the schooling is successful?Research Objective is to conduct an investigation through qualitative compend by interviewing the bedrs and the staves by distributing printed questionnaire containing open and unsympathetic end questionnaires. Also collecting details provided by the interviewed mortals orally. A detailed investigation on the point depart help to give to a greater extent ideas to the management to implement more than prep courses to take the skills of the employees functional in the company and to a fault testament be able to judge how in force(p) productivity can be made with slight cost and wastage.Also the research would be stabilizing to understand whether the employees ar happy towards the current culture programmes and how helpful is it for the employees or staffs. Limitations of the study While conducting the research at that place whitethorn arise many limi tations with respect to sampling and also due to the non random sampling. The research which is to be conducted entrust slang managers and employees who works in a catering industriousness. Literature review Human resource management plays an important role in an placement providing various characteristics of employment in catering industry.The success of catering industry depends on its manpower. Training and teaching plays an important role in human resource management. Training is of the essence(p) in e truly work environment and has become everyday aspect of human life. The political science has taken certain initiatives to improve the catering industrys standard. unrivaled of the important establishments in the theatre is the Hotel and Catering gore (HCTB). In most of the organisation, bringing up is provided on Computing studies executive programy skills Food and swallow management Ho map keeping The reason to provide teaching is to avoid The failure to attain the targets desire gross or net profit on food or liquor. Dissatisfied customers. Slow service. soaring labour turn over and low morale. Unhealthy relationship between two de vocalizationments. Types of Training thither atomic number 18 two demarcation lineaments of teach 1. On the transmission line information As most of the staffs working on catering industry pass on have direct contact with the customers, so mod staffs are addicted education on the job to experience dealing with customers. 2. Of the job preparation This type of culture takes transmit away from the actual work place. Real working environment pull up stakes be crated to train the unseasoned staffs.Training consume and Analysis The need for instruct should be considered from employers point of view and employees. thither bequeath be alship canal a person assigned to provide fosterage to staffs whenever needful in consultation with the tonal pattern managers. The line managers pull up stakes identify, crumble the requirements of training or problems or opportunities and exploit training with assistance. Benefits of training The benefits of training to the organisation result be short depot or eagle-eyed term and it includes Increased customer satisfaction Help to phrase relationship between staffs and departments. Increased customer necessitate Safe working mode Wastage reduction Less staff turnover Process involved in training Before the actual training process it is to be considered who is to do the training, what is to be taught, how to train and evaluating the success of training. The actual process of training includes Identify the training and development needs. Design training and development strategies and plans. Providing accomplishment opportunities, resources and support. Evaluate the effectiveness of training and development. Support training and development advances and practice.Development Development is the main part of any training sess ion. Development may be defined as those activities material bodyed to provide the organisation with competent work force which is able to meet the target in short, medium or long term objectives. In development stage the trainers experience and skills are transferred to the trainees. The other concepts of development includes recruitment, induction and appraisal. Some of the examples of development programmes are Trainee management programme, junior supervisory programy position, new project department, trainee officer, and accomplice to area manager.The main objective of training and development go away be to Develop human latent and assist organisations and individuals to achieve their objectives. health and Safety training Accidents and healthy problems in places of work occur very frequently and so health and safety training will have to be provided to all the individuals working in an organisation. thither are two laws which have to be followed in hotel or catering indus try and they are the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (the HASAW Act) and the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH).Health and Safety Training at work includes -preventing accidents and dealing with accidents the ways in which accidents happen and what all ways to prevent such accidents. It is the objective of Health and safety training to identify the health problems and accidents happening in work life and to take important steps to minimise them. Research Methodology Types of data use There will be contrastive types of data employed in a research. Primary data Collection of Primary data includes Interviews and Questionnaires. Secondary data Secondary data will be placid from the staff training record sheets.Sampling Technique Sampling Techniques includes Non Random Sampling and other techniques. Methods of selective information collection Primary data face to face interaction, questionnaire, telephonic interviews. Secondary data books, training records, mesh Da ta abstract The mode of qualitative analysis and qualitative analysis will be employed in the research study. Qualitative analysis will be helpful to analyse the interview outputs. To analyse the interview questionnaires qualitative analysis will be employed. To analyse the research questionnaires, quantitative analysis will be employed.Primary data will be collected through face to face interviews. heart to face order of interviews was taken to overcome any communicative difficulties if arises. Closed and open ended questions will be apply to implement the survey questionnaire. The aim of victimization open ended questionnaire is that the respondent will be free to give up his ideas or opinions. The closed ended questions will be analysed by using regression technique which is a quantitative burn down and the interviews will be analysed by using qualitative approach. endingThe duration period for the research to be conducted is estimated to be three months and the samples taken for the research will include the managers and his subordinates working in a hotel or in a catering sector. visual modality questionnaire will be made before starting actual research. A detailed analysis will be conducted with respect to literature review. References Literature Review Training and development One of the major anxieties in an organisation is virtually the training. It may be due to more staffs or because of the labour turnover.For an effective training programme there should be sufficient funds allocated for it in an organisation. There will be more benefits for an effective training scheme. The benefits of a training programme include ? Less wastage and speedy work performance by the trained worker. ? Less mistakes or accidents in the organisation. ? Less damage of machines and equipments. ? The complaints from the customers will be reduced. ? another(prenominal) important benefit is that the trained staffs require less supervision and guidance. ? The trai ned staff will be more resourceful when other staffs go for holidays or any absence problems arise. Training will improve the job satisfaction and confidence in employees and will let them perform well in the organisation. ? other benefit is that the potential to work and personal benefits of working efficiently and safe. Training needs analysis To design the training system, it is required to identify the training needs. It will be the responsibility of the trainer or the line manager. He should attempt to identify the problems and opportunities which could be made better with the help of training. For this the training needs of individuals has to be studied through the appraisal reports and detailed discussion with the manager.Identification of individuals training needs will predate to corporate training needs. For example, if a catering company wishes to expand its note in a extra time, it is important to identify the staffs that are to be transferred or promoted to the ne w unit and the material body of training required for them to adapt with the new business unit. This may range from preparing some assistant managers and trainee chefs or stewards to do more responsible job like cooking food for the customers. The avail mightiness of sufficient trained persons in the organisation will give a successful growth to the company.The training needs arise from un pass judgment portion or conditions. For example if a restaurant makes new menu launch, the waiters or waitresses has to give training about the new products, service and selling techniques which plays a big role in sales and profits of the company. Training is considered as one of the vital shafts of management. It helps the management to increase the efficiency of the company. Different skills and cognition and attitude could be developed with training to achieve companys objective. Training enables an individual to go through increase competences and confidence and to gain promotions.Methods to identify training requirements Job Analysis Job analysis is one of the major roles of Human Resource steering. Job analysis is conducted to check the efficiency and effectiveness of a job. Job analysis high-pitchedlights the needs of training to be conducted for the job or activity to be performed. The trainees actual work within the organisation is evaluated and more training will be given(p) to improve their performance up to companys standard. Job Evaluation Job evaluation is another method to identify the requirements of training.It is essential that a person such as chef should be well trained to acquire companionship and skill. The type of factors assessed for training in job evaluation is Knowledge, skill, responsibility, neighborly skills and working conditions. Performance appraisal Performance idea is one of the methods to identify the training needs. Performance appraisal is conducted in every six months or annually. It is in truth a review of performance of ea ch staff by the manager. It usually compares the actual performance of the person with the set standards of performance, companys objective, consent job objective, specific core competencies.Performance Appraisal helps the employees to identify whether they require more training to achieve their objectives as compared to the present performance. Self Assessment Self discernment can be formal or informal. Formal assessment methods suggest the employee to asses or rate their performance against the performance standard set and will be provided if they ask for more training if they feel training would benefit. Informal assessment is method is up to the employees. The employee can ask for training if they feel would be useful.It depends upon the organisations training policy and training budget. Direct Observation Direct Observation is another method to identify the training requirements in an organisation. Observation may be with or without the knowledge of the employee. For example, in a call centre, the line manger would spend time to listen to calls escorted by the staffs to find how many of them are pursual the prescribed standard. Otherwise a mystery caller would make a call from outside the organisation where he pretends as a customer to find the outcome. Different methods of trainingThe two main approaches are On the job training Off the job training On the job training in hotel or in catering industry In a hotel or a catering industry most of the staffs will have direct contact with the customers. So on the job training will be beneficial for the trainees to acquire knowledge about how to deal with the customer. On the job training plays a vital role in catering industry. If the trainer is talented in training techniques and if the objectives are invite then on the job training is the best possible way to teach the trainee the manual(a) and social skills.In some companies new employees are put together with experienced employees who are not equal of training others. If the experienced employees are interested to train the new comers, then it will good for the company that they could save the expenses paid for specialist trainer and also the experienced employees will be able to train the new staffs in the work place along with them. They will be able to share their knowledge with the new staffs. The experienced employees should be given apt training before they are asked to train the new employees.In off the job training the progress of employees according to the training has to be checked from time to time by the person who trains. For example, the training for barmen include bar preparation and cleanliness. The benefits of on the job training are Training is provided in the same working environment itself. The trainee will quickly understand the spirit or the standard of the job that he has to be followed. Training could be provided in exact timing. No pre-determined schedules need to be followed. There may be fewer re quirements for special equipments as it is possible to use the operational resources.Off the job training in hotel and catering industry Off the job training takes place away from the actual work place. In off the job training a compart moralisation of methods and techniques are applied. The main methods apply are negotiation- talks are the methods used to share knowledge regarding the personality and policies of the company, rules and regulations and other legal matters. There should be question and answer session to check the progress. Case studies, projects and business games are the best ways of off the job training techniques. social occasion plays are identified as the best ways to develop skills to interact with customer, how to handle customer complaints, up selling and interviewing. Some time visual aids such as films on different hotel and catering industry are used to train the new staffs of the company. Other techniques of off the job training include Programmed texts and teaching machines which could be helpful for the individual to learn at his convenient time. It does not require the presence of any instructor. The dis favour of this method is that sometimes it could be expensive to design and the training can not give on manual skills.Staff induction Staff induction is one of the training methods. The term induction training elbow room process by which the new staffs are given ideas about the genius of business, its structure, rules and regulations of the company, conditions of employment and duties to be performed. knowledgeability training is not compulsory as per legal Acts. But for the welfare of the new employees or staffs, companies would arrange to have staff induction when they employ new staffs. The important information concerned under the staff induction is 1. Contract or Terms and conditions of employment. . The condition to perform a job and to whom the person is responsible to. 3. Grievance procedures, Disciplinary ru les and procedures. 4. Policies regarding promotion and training. 5. Health and safety rules 6. Other social and welfare benefits The new employees should be given formal induction training to avoid unhealthy or malfunctions inside the organisation and to develop attitudes, norms and practises. The role of training agencies In developing countries importance is given for quality and standards rather than individual productivity.In Britain Industrial Training Act was established in the year 1964 to keep abreast the quality and summate of consummate labour so it led to establishment of Hotel and Catering Industry Training Board (HCITB). The main aims of the Board are ? To provide advise to the companies, how to implement effective training. ? To conduct research and to develop new methods of training and materials and practises. ? To allocate sufficient funds for training needs and to aid companies to conduct approved training. To co-ordinate the supply of labour to hotel and cater ing industry, the Manpower Service Commission was established in 1973.It provides funds for training boyish people and retraining schemes for those who are unemployed. There are plenty of colleges which has department of hotel and catering. Organising training Each aspects of training have its advantages and disadvantages. One of the advantages of On the job training is that it is cheap as compared to the other methods of training. The trainee will be able to learn from the actual work place the standards or procedures of work that he has to be followed. On the job training is flexible and can adapt to any pressures of the work environment.Just like the advantages, there are disadvantages also. The trainer may find it difficult if he has had no instructional training. And so he will not be able to adopt the work pressure and will withheld training considering it as less important. Inexperienced trainers will not be able to provide effective training. On the job trainer would be abl e to share only those knowledge which he possessed when he was trained. The advantage of off the job training is that the expense involved in training can be thrifty already and the company can allocate budget and control for the off the job training programme.There will be a well trained instructor to provide training. The training will be conducted in a planned environment with good equipments. Another advantage is that training can be conducted in logical way after preplanning. The disadvantage of off the job training is that the trainee will find difficulty while facing actual work environment. The principles which he learned from off the job training have to apply in actual work place. The existing workers may feel un well-to-do to attend off the job training programmes. Systematic training Systematic training is the process of actual price reduction of training in a system.Systematic training is divided into three phases and it operates as a cycle. The three phases are pla nning, implementing and reviewing. Planning The different stages of planning include 1. Formulation of policy 2. Identifying training needs 3. finding on priorities 4. Preparing a plan Formulation of policy formulation of training policy should be given importance as like the other policies of the company. A training policy should include companys attitudes to training and the place it will occupy in its activities. It should point out the budget allocated for training requirements.Should have specific responsibility for the implementation of training policies and it should be communicated to all staffs and management. Identifying training needs training need can be identified if there is a clear standard which is followed in a company. sometimes the departmental managers will make assessment whether the employees is performing up to the companys standard. Job analysis and job evaluation are two methods to identify the training requirements. Decision on priorities because of econom ic and hardheaded reasons an employer will not be immediately be able to undertake all the training needs.And so the employer will have to set a priority. Managers in developing countries need to take staffs with more training on western style. Preparing training plan a training plans may originate from two sources. One is the man power requirements and the other is the detailed analysis of training requirements. A training plan will make plan about the methods of training, who to conduct the training and the responsible person to implement the training. It also plans the costs involves in training and other financial considerations. Implementation Implementation involves three areas attitude training, knowledge training and skills training.In hotel and catering industry attitude training plays an important role as the customers expect a pleasant and active service. Attitude training is important as some jobs can not be supervised closely, so the person carrying out the job should have a well attitude. For any kind of skill knowledge is required. Most skills are based on the foundation of knowledge. There should be knowledge about application of tools and equipments, methods and procedures, knowledge about the menus and recipes, food, hygiene, health and fire safety, cost control standards and onditions of employment. Those who are in higher hazard require more knowledge. Knowledge training may include the following Talks and lectures Handbooks and instruction manual Posters and charts Video tapes or CDs Programmed training packs Knowledge training is not expensive. The materials used for this kind of training can be re-used. With the help of relevant and realistic and in a very attractive manner the training can be made effective. Skills training are very important in a hotel and catering industry in order to maintain the accuracy, consistency and speed.It and so helps to reduce the wastage and helps to produce the standards required. The skilled pers on always is able to work fast without mistakes or less mistakes. The two general types of skills are social skills and physical skills. Physical skills Physical skills include movement of hands, the fingers, the eye and other senses. Examples of the use of senses in carry out of skills include flavour for wine specialist, touch for pastry dough cooks, to gauge the consistency of dough, etc. Social skills training Social skills are being used as motivational technique and as a method to control a work group inside an organisation.Social skills are always attached to attitudes. A social skill is a trained ability to perform with apt behaviour in different situations. Methods of skills training There are four methods of skills training Informal training the informal method includes observation and hearing. It is not possible to plan and control in this method. It totally depends on the experienced worker, who performs correctly and he should be helpful. Training within the industry t his method is well organised and involves demonstrations and copying. The task will be broken down to different stages.This method requires mental thinking and judgement. The discovery method this method enables the trainee to perform correctly through his own deductive process. This method requires great amount of preparation and careful monitoring. The skills analysis method this method involves explanation of principles in different stages and also requires comprehension and active participation of trainee. The trainee should establish some sort of interest in this method. The training objective should be clear and the trainee has to be confident about what he has to perform.Supervisory training Supervisor is a part of management and has the responsibility to direct and control the work of others. A supervisor in an organisation is expected to maintain loyalty and reduce conflict. As supervisors job turn it is difficult for them to provide only general training. They would need specialised training. First the job of internal supervisor has to be analysed to asses the training requirements for a supervisor. The special areas include Maintaining staff relationship by encouraging staff motivation and group performance development. Ensure disciplinary actions are being taken to correct and improve the performance of the employees. Industrial relationship in consideration with use of procedures. Health and safety A high proportion of training should be given to supervisors in order to enable them to face problems and different situations. collection work will help to identify each other and to solve the problems of each department. Supervisor plays an important role in the industry and good supervisory training would be an asset to the organisation. Development of forcefulness in catering industryThe word force imply a particular activity which is conducted by a qualified person or a trained staff. There will many factors which will help the development o f personnel in a catering industry. The five major factors which influence the development of staffs in hotel and catering industry are 1. The growth or prosperity of catering industry on world wide basis. 2. The growth of the medium sized hotels. New traditional approaches were taken into consideration to manage the large work force. 3. The number of labour turn over is another factor concerning the catering industry. . large number of unskilled or part time workers or casual workers creates more stress on the skilled labour. This could be avoided by creating a separate training squad in the company. 5. Lack of personnel practises and standards within the industry and among the management level will influence the development of staffs in catering industry. focusing development Management development may be defined as process of providing organisation with clear and competent management team which is able to meet its short, medium and long term objectives.Most of the managers dev elop their knowledge, skills and attitude by continuous practise of managing others at work. A management development programme must(prenominal) have a balance between the formal training and work experience. Management development Management development is the process by which the late active talented staffs are trained to supervisory or management positions. It describes how a staffs performance can be amend effectively and also makes them adapt to changes in the organisation. MINTZBERG studied managerial work and stated that in an organisation compared to other post managerial posts should be given foremost importance.He identified the roles of manager as interpersonal, information and decisiveness maker. Interpersonal Role Interpersonal roles include manager acting as a Leader and the Liaison. He will be responsible for team integration and motivation. As a Liaison, he will maintain a good relationship with the outside parties who are involved in the business and with the int ernal parties. training Role Manager act as a Monitor, who analyses and collects information about the competitors, change of trends, internal and remote factors. He will act as a Spokesperson who transmits information to outside parties.Decision Role As an Entrepreneur, manager will make decisions on any changes in the organisation. A manager will act as negotiator representing the organisation. Also, he will play the role of Resource allocator by scheduling, organising and programming subordinates work. Trainee management courses Trainee management course has a very important role in young managers career. In order to be a successful manager, a manager should posses knowledge and skills about other departments. Trainees must be given departmental training objectives in written form.Regular objectives should be held to check whether the trainees achieved their objectives. Methods of staff development General management training programmes which are of for a short period of time with theories and practises. It would be conducted in detached centres so that the manager doesnt have the work pressure and will be free to actively participate in the training programme. Comprehensive programmes, such as a Diploma course. It requires an extended commitment from the company. Technical workshops for short term covering the use of new equipment. Job enlargement and Job rotation is another method of staff development. This method is cheap and is within the companys control. Informal method including the process of consultation and elderly management. In this method, improvement includes individual and specialized standards, expressive resilience, understanding, elasticity, assurance and inspired initiative. Systematic approaches to training Systems approach can be recognized as a rational connection between different stages in the course of examining training needs, designing, delivering and authenticating training.The illustrative image of a logical approach is a effective tool and as such it should be accepted that trainers will sketch up a model which is comfortable for them to utilize as members of a training division who must to observe the advancement of their training projects. Training Objective Training objective is to clearly state as likely what the apprentice are expected to be able to do at the end of their training, the circumstances under which they will exhibit their knowledge and the standards that must be reached to substantiate their level of competence.Written training objectives provide the trainer to decide the methods f training and contents of training and also it provide the trainees a clear target. Too much training is expensive and if inappropriate materials are integrated, then it will be confusing. Training objective act as the foundation for determining the success of training in terms of knowledge, skills and attitude expected of the trainees, the lowest welcome standards of performance and the situation under which the performance is calculated.Also training objectives can be used to underpin the link between the training needs and the actual training provided. It also considered as the first point of reference for any investigation or review in relation to training. Actions by the trainer Depending upon the nature of training to be conducted, the trainer may use different actions to make the training effective. Some of the actions used are Setting up sub goal In order to lead the trainees towards the organisational goal, the trainer will sub divide the goals and provides motivation and support for the employees.This will help the trainer to monitor the progress of trainees achievement. Directing economic aid While conducting the training the trainer has to ensure that the trainees concentration is fully on training programme. They may do this through verbal, pictorial or any other means. The trainer should be aware of the different ways in which to give selective emphasis to stimulus presentations for study (Gagne, 1977). irritability Implementing humour in an effective way will help to stimulate and maintain the trainees attention towards training.Use of humour will keep away stress and will provide a relaxed situation. It will improve the communication between the trainer and the trainees. Humour may make the training session more enjoyable and will be a kind of motivation to the trainees. Pictures and demonstrations. Pictures or demonstrations will help the trainees to identify the methods or actions to be followed. It also will help to develop manual skills. Verbal instructions linguistic communication is a meditational process which can be used in training to provide information, ideas which could fit into the learning context.Also it could provide explanation about context, rules, principle and theories for acquiring basic intellectual, social and manual skills. Conclusion There are lots of benefits for the employees and the company through an effectiv e and well planned training. With the job effective job training, individual may feel great job satisfaction. And the benefits of training towards the organisation include improved employee work performance and productivity, less wastage, less absenteeism, fewer accidents, and low labour turn over and greater customer satisfaction. Training will also have an indirect impact on the culture of the organisation.